International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(15), P. 8167 - 8167
Published: July 26, 2024
Oestrogen
plays
a
crucial
physiological
role
in
both
women
and
men.
It
regulates
reproductive
functions
maintains
various
non-reproductive
tissues
through
its
receptors,
such
as
oestrogen
receptor
1/oestrogen
α
(ESR1/Erα),
2/oestrogen
β
(ESR2/Erβ),
G
protein-coupled
1
(GPER).
This
hormone
is
essential
for
the
proper
functioning
of
women’s
ovaries
uterus.
supports
testicular
function
spermatogenesis
men
contributes
to
bone
density,
cardiovascular
health,
metabolic
processes
sexes.
Nuclear
receptors
Er-α
Er-β
belong
group
transcription
activators
that
stimulate
cell
proliferation.
In
environment,
compounds
similar
structure
oestrogens
compete
with
endogenous
hormones
binding
sites
disrupt
homeostasis.
The
lack
balance
levels
can
lead
infertility,
cancer,
immunological
disorders,
other
conditions.
Exogenous
endocrine-active
compounds,
bisphenol
A
(BPA),
phthalates,
organic
phosphoric
acid
esters,
signalling
pathways
responsible
division
apoptosis
processes.
metabolism
structurally
produce
carcinogenic
substances.
also
growth
cancer
cells
by
regulating
genes
proliferation
cycle
progression,
long-term
elevated
linked
hormone-dependent
cancers
breast
cancer.
Oestrogens
affect
markers
activation
contribute
development
autoimmune
diseases.
Hormone
replacement
therapy,
oral
contraception,
vitro
fertilisation
stimulation,
hormonal
stimulation
transgender
people
increase
risk
Cortisol,
oestrogen,
serve
biomarker
associated
developing
aim
this
review
analyse
sources
their
effects
on
exogenous
process
