International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(15), P. 8217 - 8217
Published: July 27, 2024
In
contrast
to
plants,
humans
are
unable
synthesise
carotenoids
and
have
obtain
them
from
diet.
Carotenoids
fulfil
several
crucial
biological
functions
in
the
organism;
however,
due
poor
solubility
water,
their
bioavailability
plant-based
food
is
low.
The
processes
of
carotenoid
absorption
availability
human
body
been
intensively
studied.
recent
experimental
findings
concerning
these
briefly
presented
introductory
part
this
review,
together
with
a
summary
such
topics
as
carriers,
transport
tissue
delivery,
finally
report
on
molecular-level
studies
binding
by
membrane
receptors.
main
message
review
contained
section
describing
computational
investigations
intercalation
dynamic
behaviour
lipid
bilayers.
relevance
lies
showing
direct
link
between
microscopic
molecules
characteristics
macroscopic
ensembles.
Furthermore,
studying
interactions
bilayers,
certainly
proteins,
molecular-
atomic-level
using
methods
facilitates
interpretation
explanation
properties
and,
hopefully,
helps
better
understand
carotenoids.
Biochemical Society Transactions,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
52(1), P. 65 - 74
Published: Feb. 22, 2024
Oxidative
stress,
an
imbalance
between
pro-oxidant
and
antioxidant
status,
favouring
the
state
is
a
result
of
increased
production
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
or
inadequate
protection.
ROS
are
produced
through
several
mechanisms
in
cells
including
during
mitochondrial
oxidative
phosphorylation.
Increased
mitochondrial-derived
associated
with
dysfunction,
early
event
age-related
diseases
such
as
Alzheimer's
(ADs)
metabolic
disorders
diabetes.
AD
post-mortem
investigations
affected
brain
regions
have
shown
accumulation
damage
to
macromolecules,
stress
has
been
considered
important
contributor
disease
pathology.
An
increase
which
leads
levels
superoxide,
hydrogen
peroxide
other
potentially
vicious
cycle
both
causative
consequence
dysfunction.
Mitochondrial
dysfunction
may
be
ameliorated
by
molecules
capacities
that
accumulate
mitochondria
carotenoids.
However,
role
carotenoids
mitigating
not
fully
understood.
A
better
understanding
antioxidants
function
promising
lead
towards
development
novel
effective
treatment
strategies
for
diseases.
This
review
evaluates
summarises
some
latest
developments
insights
into
effects
on
focus
properties
The
mitochondria-protective
key
therapeutic
targeting
emerging
drug
Molecular Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
73, P. 101742 - 101742
Published: May 22, 2023
Low
plasma
levels
of
carotenoids
are
associated
with
mortality
and
chronic
disease
states.
Genetic
studies
in
animals
revealed
that
the
tissue
accumulation
these
dietary
pigments
is
genes
encoding
β-carotene
oxygenase
2
(BCO2)
scavenger
receptor
class
B
type
1
(SR-B1).
Here
we
examined
mice
how
BCO2
SR-B1
affect
metabolism
model
carotenoid
zeaxanthin
serves
as
a
macular
pigment
human
retina.
We
used
lacZ
reporter
gene
knock-in
to
determine
Bco2
expression
patterns
small
intestine.
By
genetic
dissection,
studied
contribution
uptake
homeostasis
under
different
supply
conditions
(50
mg/kg
250
mg/kg).
determined
metabolic
profiles
its
metabolites
tissues
by
LC-MS
using
standard
chiral
columns.
An
albino
Isx−/−/Bco2−/−
mouse
homozygous
for
Tyrc−2J
was
generated
study
effect
light
on
ocular
metabolites.
demonstrate
highly
expressed
enterocytes
deletion
led
enhanced
zeaxanthin,
indicating
enzyme
gatekeeper
bioavailability.
Relaxing
regulation
transcription
factor
ISX
further
tissues.
observed
absorption
dose-dependent
identified
jejunum
major
zeaxanthin-absorbing
intestinal
region.
showed
underwent
oxidation
ε,ε-3,3′-carotene-dione
detected
all
three
enantiomers
product
whereas
parent
only
existed
(3R,
3′R)-enantiomer
diet.
The
ratio
oxidized
varied
between
dependent
supplementation
dose.
an
supra-physiological
doses
(250
mg/kg)
rapidly
induced
hypercarotenemia
golden
skin
phenotype
stress
increased
concentration
eyes.
established
biochemical
basis
factors
abiotic
this
lipid.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 159619 - 159619
Published: April 1, 2025
Carotenoids
are
a
class
of
pigments
with
antioxidant
properties
synthesized
by
photosynthetic
and
heterotrophic
organisms.
Humans
can
store
carotenoids
in
their
intact
form
or
cleave
them
enzymatically
to
apocarotenoids
such
as
vitamin
A,
hormone-like
nutrient
crucial
roles
gene
expression
vision.
Clinical
preclinical
studies
suggest
that
the
consumption
diets
rich
attenuate
cardiometabolic
diseases,
some
types
cancer,
neurodegenerative
disorders,
inflammatory
conditions.
The
bioactive
depend,
at
least
part,
on
accumulation
target
tissues.
However,
pathways
drive
carotenoid
absorption,
delivery,
tissues
remain
largely
uncharacterized.
This
review
provides
critical
overview
experimental
models
utilized
monitor
homeostasis
mammals.
We
also
delve
into
recent
findings
concerning
intestinal
uptake,
bodily
distribution,
cellular
intracellular
trafficking.
Finally,
we
discuss
physiological
relevance
fecal
elimination
pathway
operates
independently
enzymatic
cleavage.
Establishing
players
governing
biodistribution
is
essential
maximize
humans
prevent
chronic
diseases.
In
the
introductory
part
of
this
review,
relevant
results
mostly
latest
experimental
studies
on
carotenoid
absorption
and
availability
in
human
body
are
briefly
presented.
The
subsequent
parts
summarise
such
topics
as
carriers,
transport
tissue
delivery,
before
finally
reporting
molecular-level
binding
by
membrane
receptors.
main
message
review
is
contained
section
describing
computational
investigations
intercalation
dynamic
behaviour
lipid
bilayers.
relevance
these
lies
showing
direct
link
between
microscopic
molecules
characteristics
their
macroscopic
ensembles.
Furthermore,
studying
interactions
carotenoids
bilayers,
certainly
proteins,
molecular-
atomic-level
using
methods
facilitates
interpretation
explanation
properties
systems
and,
hopefully,
helps
to
better
understand
biological
functions
carotenoids.
Annual Review of Vision Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(1), P. 323 - 346
Published: July 2, 2024
Carotenoids,
yellow
and
red
pigments
found
abundantly
in
nature,
play
essential
roles
various
aspects
of
human
physiology.
They
serve
as
critical
molecules
vision
by
functioning
antioxidants
filters
for
blue
light
within
the
retina.
Furthermore,
carotenoids
are
natural
precursors
vitamin
A,
which
is
indispensable
synthesis
retinaldehyde,
visual
chromophore,
retinoic
acid,
a
small
molecule
that
regulates
gene
expression.
Insufficient
levels
retinoids
have
been
linked
to
age-related
macular
degeneration
xerophthalmia,
respectively.
Nevertheless,
mechanisms
eye
maintains
carotenoid
retinoid
homeostasis
remained
mystery.
Recent
breakthroughs
identified
molecular
players
involved
this
process
provided
valuable
biochemical
insights
into
their
functioning.
Mutations
corresponding
genes
disrupt
retinoids,
leading
system
pathologies.
This
review
aims
consolidate
our
current
understanding
these
pathways,
including
regulatory
principles.
