The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
57(1), P. 285 - 308
Published: Sept. 13, 2016
Cannabis
enables
and
enhances
the
subjective
sense
of
well-being
by
stimulating
endocannabinoid
system
(ECS),
which
plays
a
key
role
in
modulating
response
to
stress,
reward,
their
interactions.
However,
over
time,
repeated
activation
ECS
cannabis
can
trigger
neuroadaptations
that
may
impair
sensitivity
stress
reward.
This
effect,
vulnerable
individuals,
lead
addiction
other
adverse
consequences.
The
recent
shift
toward
legalization
medical
or
recreational
has
renewed
interest
investigating
physiological
as
well
potential
health
effects,
both
beneficial,
cannabis.
Here
we
review
our
current
understanding
its
complex
roles.
We
discuss
implications
this
vis-á-vis
ECS's
modulation
reward
relevance
mental
disorders
these
processes
are
disrupted
(i.e.,
addiction,
depression,
posttraumatic
disorder,
schizophrenia),
along
with
therapeutic
strategies
manipulate
for
conditions.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 2115 - 2140
Published: Sept. 11, 2019
Drug
consumption
is
driven
by
a
drug's
pharmacological
effects,
which
are
experienced
as
rewarding,
and
influenced
genetic,
developmental,
psychosocial
factors
that
mediate
drug
accessibility,
norms,
social
support
systems
or
lack
thereof.
The
reinforcing
effects
of
drugs
mostly
depend
on
dopamine
signaling
in
the
nucleus
accumbens,
chronic
exposure
triggers
glutamatergic-mediated
neuroadaptations
striato-thalamo-cortical
(predominantly
prefrontal
cortical
regions
including
orbitofrontal
cortex
anterior
cingulate
cortex)
limbic
pathways
(amygdala
hippocampus)
that,
vulnerable
individuals,
can
result
addiction.
In
parallel,
changes
extended
amygdala
negative
emotional
states
perpetuate
taking
an
attempt
to
temporarily
alleviate
them.
Counterintuitively,
addicted
person,
actual
associated
with
attenuated
increase
brain
reward
regions,
might
contribute
drug-taking
behavior
compensate
for
difference
between
magnitude
expected
triggered
conditioning
cues
experience
it.
Combined,
these
enhanced
motivation
"seek
drug"
(energized
increases
cues)
impaired
top-down
self-regulation
favors
compulsive
against
backdrop
emotionality
interoceptive
awareness
"drug
hunger."
Treatment
interventions
intended
reverse
show
promise
therapeutic
approaches
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Jan. 3, 2017
The
identification
and
cloning
of
the
two
major
cannabinoid
(CB¬1
CB2)
receptors
together
with
discovery
their
endogenous
ligands
in
late
80s
early
90s,
resulted
a
effort
aimed
at
understanding
mechanisms
physiological
roles
endocannabinoid
system
(ECS).
Due
to
its
expression
localization
central
nervous
(CNS),
CB1
receptor
(endocannabinoids)
enzymes
involved
synthesis
degradation,
has
been
implicated
multiple
pathophysiological
events
ranging
from
memory
deficits
neurodegenerative
disorders
among
others.
In
this
review,
we
will
provide
general
overview
emphasis
on
health
disease.
We
describe
our
current
complex
aspects
signaling
trafficking,
including
non-canonical
pathways
such
as
those
mediated
by
β-arrestins
within
context
functional
selectivity
ligand
bias.
Finally,
highlight
some
which
have
implicated.
Significant
knowledge
achieved
over
last
30
years.
However,
much
more
research
is
still
needed
fully
understand
system,
particularly
vivo,
unlock
true
potential
source
therapeutic
targets.
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
13(4), P. 438 - 452
Published: March 19, 2018
Cannabis
is
the
most
commonly
used
substance
of
abuse
in
United
States
after
alcohol
and
tobacco.
With
a
recent
increase
rates
cannabis
use
disorder
(CUD)
decrease
perceived
risk
use,
it
imperative
to
assess
addictive
potential
cannabis.
Here
we
evaluate
through
neurobiological
model
addiction
proposed
by
Koob
Volkow.
The
proposes
that
repeated
drives
changes
brain
can
be
separated
into
three
distinct
stages,
each
which
perpetuates
cycle
addiction.
review
previous
research
on
acute
long-term
effects
behavior,
find
three-stage
framework
applies
CUD
manner
similar
other
drugs
abuse,
albeit
with
some
slight
differences.
These
findings
highlight
urgent
need
conduct
elucidates
specific
associated
humans.
