Total Syntheses of Highly Oxidized Natural Products^†

Chinese Journal of Chemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

Comprehensive Summary Natural products with high oxidation states and complex chemical skeletons exhibit diverse bioactivities due to their unique interactions biological targets. The state is characterized by the presence of multiple oxygen‐containing functional groups such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl epoxides that are usually tough construct selectively. In recent years, thanks development efficient strategies sophisticated methodologies, significant advancements have been made in total syntheses highly oxidized natural (HONPs). this review, we highlight examples HONPs focusing on tetrodotoxin (TTX) its derivatives, steroidal alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids since 2019. Key Scientists 2005, Yang group applied thioureas ligands Pauson−Khand reaction for synthesis triterpene products. methodological advances achieved a series topologically structural features following years. 2009, Baran established pioneering “two‐phase” approach terpenes, an innovative strategy has inspired numerous field. 2011, Xu Theodorakis (−)‐jiadifenolide, sesquiterpene from Illicium . 2012, Li 6π electrocyclization containing aromatic rings. 2014, Inoue introduced α‐alkoxy bridgehead radical, facilitating unified ryanodane diterpenoids. subsequent radical‐based convergent were employed assembling HONPs. developed type ΙΙ [5+2] reaction, which can be efficiently featuring bridged ring systems. Reisman presented pattern analysis guided synthetic designs complex, isoryanodane diterpenes. 2017, Gao reported photoenolization/Diels‐Alder (PEDA) constructing related polycyclic rings elevated states. 2018, Ding unprecedented oxidative dearomatization‐induced (ODI) cycloaddition/pinacol‐ 1,2‐acyl migration cascade assemble oxygenated bicyclo[3.2.1]octane system, was subsequently grayanane same year, Gui explored “bioinspired” strategic transformations enabled rapid construction core framework steroid terpenoid 2020, Luo successfully synthesized several HONPs, including (−)‐batrachotoxinin, (−)‐zygadenine, diterpenoids, employing elegant strategies. 2021, Zhang site‐specific photochemical desaturation late‐stage skeletal reorganization strategies, enabling divergent sesquiterpenes. 2022, Jia first (−)‐principinol C, accomplished six More recently, Trauner concise tetrodotoxin, particularly strategy.

Language: Английский

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Metabolic engineering approaches for the biosynthesis of antibiotics

Microbial Cell Factories, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

Antibiotics have been saving countless lives from deadly infectious diseases, which we now often take for granted. However, are currently witnessing a significant rise in the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, making these infections increasingly difficult to treat hospitals. The discovery and development new antibiotic has slowed, largely due reduced profitability, as antibiotics lose effectiveness quickly pathogenic bacteria evolve into MDR strains. To address this challenge, metabolic engineering recently become crucial developing efficient enzymes cell factories capable producing both existing wide range derivatives analogs. In paper, review recent tools strategies synthetic biology production antibiotics, their derivatives, analogs, along with representative examples. These offer promising potential revitalize providing renewed hope humanity's fight against bacteria.

Language: Английский

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The Occurrence, Uses, Biosynthetic Pathway, and Biotechnological Production of Plumbagin, a Potent Antitumor Naphthoquinone

Molecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(7), P. 1618 - 1618

Published: April 4, 2025

Plumbagin is an important naphthoquinone with potent anticancer properties besides multitudinous uses in healthcare. It produced a limited number of species and families but mostly the roots Plumbaginaceae family members. The biosynthetic pathway genes that regulate plumbagin synthesis are not completely known, details these being revealed. Several species, including Plumbago, Drosera, others, uprooted for extraction by pharmaceutical industries, leading to destruction natural habitats. industry therefore facing acute shortage plant material. This necessitates enhancing accumulation using suspensions hairy meet market demands. Many factors, such as aggregate size inoculum, stability culture, sequential effects elicitors, immobilization, permeabilization, have been demonstrated act synergistically markedly augment accumulation. Hairy root cultures can be used large-scale production, growth, accumulation, exploration their efficacy now imperative. secretion compounds into spent medium situ adsorption via resin has remarkable potential, this thoroughly exploited. Improvements quality biomass, selection cell lines, production bioreactors thus far sporadic, parameters need further In review, we report advances made relating importance stable line long-term cultures, plumbagin, its semicontinuous total recycling different types bioreactors. Such might pave way industrial exploitation. steps currently understood also aid us isolating relevant order examine overexpression or heterologous downregulation edit genome CRISPR-Cas9 technology enhance plumbagin. Its potential molecule mode action amply demonstrated, exploited clinics due insolubility water highly lipophilic nature. Plumbagin-loaded nanoemulsions, plumbagin–silver, albumin nanoparticle formulations overcome problems solubility tried improve bioavailability antiproliferative activities, discussed current paper.

Language: Английский

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Strategies and Advances in the Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Products

Engineering, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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