Unlocking the Potential of Retro-Inverso (RI) Peptides as Future Drug Candidates DOI Creative Commons
Othman Al Musaimi

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(5)

Published: Sept. 10, 2024

Abstract Background With the rising demand for peptide-based drugs, enhancing their stability against proteolytic degradation has become a critical challenge. Strategies to improve peptide include cyclization, substitution of L-amino acids with D-amino acids, incorporation β-amino and various formulation techniques. An innovative approach involves modifying backbone by reversing amide bond direction inverting stereochemistry amino in same segment. This results formation retro-inverso peptides, which offer increased stability, permeability, cellular uptake. Purpose The aim this review is provide comprehensive analysis focusing on concept, synthesis, applications as potential therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, aesthetic applications. Methods explores theoretical underpinnings design its application both linear cyclic peptides. synthesis strategies peptides are discussed detail, along practical utility biomedical fields. Results Retro-inverso show promise improving biological properties such permeability Their unique structure offers advantages development agents or carriers. Conclusion represent valuable strategy overcoming limitations conventional especially regarding bioavailability. highlights other applications, reinforcing importance continued research innovation chemistry.

Language: Английский

The immune system in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Updating the current state of knowledge on potential therapies and animal model construction DOI
Ruixi Li,

Ting He,

Zhichao Xing

et al.

Autoimmunity Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 103783 - 103783

Published: March 2, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Important denominator between autoimmune comorbidities: a review of class II HLA, autoimmune disease, and the gut DOI Creative Commons
Meghan A. Berryman, Jorma Ilonen, Eric W. Triplett

et al.

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Sept. 26, 2023

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with more diseases than any other region of the genome. Highly polymorphic HLA produce variable haplotypes that specifically correlated pathogenically different autoimmunities. Despite differing etiologies, however, many autoimmune disorders share same risk-associated often resulting in comorbidity. This shared risk remains an unanswered question field. Yet, several groups have revealed links between gut microbial community composition and diseases. Autoimmunity is frequently dysbiosis, loss barrier function permeability tight junctions, which increases class II expression levels thus further influences microbiome. However, autoimmune-risk-associated connected to dysbiosis long before autoimmunity even begins. review evaluates current research on HLA-microbiome-autoimmunity triplex proposes pre-autoimmune bacterial important determinant comorbidities systemic inflammation as a common denominator.

Language: Английский

Citations

12
Controversies Surrounding IGF-I Receptor Involvement in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy DOI
Terry J. Smith

Thyroid, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

Background: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO, aka thyroid eye disease [TED], Graves' orbitopathy) remains poorly understood and inadequately treated since its initial description. It is disfiguring, can threaten vision, represents an autoimmune process closely associated with disease. Unambiguous connections linking TAO to the glandular maladies of (GD) remain incompletely clarified. Detecting thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) in periocular tissues suggests that this cell-surface protein a shared autoantigen gland, but we now know expression ubiquitous. Most patients have relatively high circulating levels activating anti-TSHR autoantibodies. Emerging more recently importance insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-IR) pathogenesis TAO. The TSHR/IGF-IR signaling complex apparently drives fibrocytes unique phenotypes fibroblasts inhabiting orbit (GD-OF).

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Associations between immune cell traits and autoimmune thyroid diseases: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study DOI

Z. Alexander Cao,

JiangSheng Huang,

Xia Long

et al.

Immunogenetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 76(4), P. 219 - 231

Published: June 28, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Unlocking the Potential of Retro-Inverso (RI) Peptides as Future Drug Candidates DOI Creative Commons
Othman Al Musaimi

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(5)

Published: Sept. 10, 2024

Abstract Background With the rising demand for peptide-based drugs, enhancing their stability against proteolytic degradation has become a critical challenge. Strategies to improve peptide include cyclization, substitution of L-amino acids with D-amino acids, incorporation β-amino and various formulation techniques. An innovative approach involves modifying backbone by reversing amide bond direction inverting stereochemistry amino in same segment. This results formation retro-inverso peptides, which offer increased stability, permeability, cellular uptake. Purpose The aim this review is provide comprehensive analysis focusing on concept, synthesis, applications as potential therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, aesthetic applications. Methods explores theoretical underpinnings design its application both linear cyclic peptides. synthesis strategies peptides are discussed detail, along practical utility biomedical fields. Results Retro-inverso show promise improving biological properties such permeability Their unique structure offers advantages development agents or carriers. Conclusion represent valuable strategy overcoming limitations conventional especially regarding bioavailability. highlights other applications, reinforcing importance continued research innovation chemistry.

Language: Английский

Citations

2