Restudy of shoulder motion in the theropod dinosaur Mononykus olecranus (Alvarezsauridae)

PeerJ, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11, P. e16605 - e16605

Published: Dec. 5, 2023

Background Range of motion in the forelimb Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Mononykus olecranus , a member family Alvarezsauridae, has previously been investigated. However, method used to investigate range at shoulder M. did not follow standardized procedure subsequent studies. The latter yields more reliable results, and its standardization provides that results are directly comparable similar studies other species. I therefore reinvestigated using procedure. Methods Casts left scapula coracoid were posed on horizontal surface, supported from beneath with modeling clay, medial surface facing toward surface. A cast humerus was limits through transverse parasagittal planes. Photos poses orthal views superimposed measure motion, which measured as angle between lines drawn down long axis each position. Results Through plane, could be elevated subhorizontal position depressed subvertical It move plane full protraction above retraction. These correct previous mischaracterization restricted small arc arms held permanent sprawl. humeral is much greater than found by allowed animal tuck sides, addition allowing them sprawl so orient palm downward. wide forage for insects employing hook-and-pull digging surfaces wider orientations study showed possible.

Language: Английский

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Imagining Dinosaurs

Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 82(2), P. 191 - 203

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

ABSTRACT There is a tendency to take mounted dinosaur skeletons at face value, as the raw data on which science of paleontology founded. But truth that are substantially intention-dependent—they artifacts. More importantly, I argue, they also imagination-dependent: their production causally reliant preparators’ creative imaginations, and proper reception predicated audiences’ recreative imaginations. My main goal here show skeletal mounts plausible candidates for art-status. But, what more, think artworks—specifically, sculptures.

Language: Английский

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The hammerhead shark's cephalofoil reduces fluid moments during turning motion

Ichthyological Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 10, 2024

Language: Английский

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Protocol to record and analyze primate leaping in three‐dimensional in the wild

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 341(9), P. 965 - 976

Published: July 8, 2024

Abstract Several studies comparing primate locomotion under lab versus field conditions have shown the importance of implementing both types studies, as each has their advantages and disadvantages. However, three‐dimensional (3D) motion capture primates been challenging natural conditions. In this study, we provide a detailed protocol on how to collect 3D biomechanical data leaping in habitat that can be widely implemented. To record dense forest use modified GoPro Hero Black cameras with zoom lenses easily carried around set up tripods. We outline details obtain camera calibrations at greater heights process collected using MATLAB calibration app tracking software DLTdv8a. further developed new application “WildLeap3D” generate performance metrics from derived x , y z coordinates leaps. support diameter, compliance, orientation, combine these jumps study locomotor an ecological context. successfully reconstructed leaps wild space provided four representative exemplar velocity acceleration during leap show our used analyze segmental kinematics. This will help make freely moving animals more accessible knowledge about animal movement.

Language: Английский

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Paleoinspired robotics as an experimental approach to the history of life

Science Robotics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(95)

Published: Oct. 23, 2024

Paleontologists must confront the challenge of studying forms and functions extinct species for which data from preserved fossils are extremely limited, yielding only a fragmented picture life in deep time. In response to this hurdle, we describe nascent field paleoinspired robotics, an innovative method that builds upon established techniques bioinspired enabling exploration biology ancient organisms their evolutionary trajectories. This Review presents ways robotic platforms can fill gaps existing research using exemplars notable transitions vertebrate locomotion. We examine recent case studies experimental paleontology, highlighting substantial contributions made by engineering robotics techniques, further assess how efficient application technologies close collaboration with paleontologists biologists offer additional insights into study evolution were previously unattainable.

Language: Английский

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Hindlimb biomechanics of Lagosuchus talampayensis (Archosauria, Dinosauriformes), with comments on skeletal morphology

Journal of Anatomy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 4, 2024

Abstract Lagosuchus talampayensis is a small‐bodied (~0.5 m long) Late Triassic dinosauriform archosaur from Argentina. long has been pivotal taxon for reconstructing the evolution of form and function on dinosaur lineage. This importance because it mix ancestral archosaurian traits, such as small pelvis with mostly closed acetabulum lacking prominences that would restrict hip mobility much, derived “dinosaurian” traits bipedalism, proximally shifted thigh muscle insertions, elongate hindlimbs, “advanced mesotarsal” ankle joints digitigrade feet. Here, to quantify key functional related locomotor biomechanics , we build three‐dimensional musculoskeletal model, focussing morphofunctional analysis pelvic limb. We survey skeletal material have digitised, pointing out hitherto undescribed features elements, many which are taxa other than . Next, select ideal elements amongst these construct composite articulate adjacent body segments into joints, then estimate shape including centre mass, add paths create model. Finally, use two methods hindlimb parameters (“architecture”) in find they produce similar estimates force‐generating capacities, compare data few available archosaurs an evolutionary context, reconstruct fundamental patterns changes architecture limb morphology. Our model forms valuable basis future quantitative analyses its early archosaurs, example how navigate decision‐making modelling problematic specimens.

Language: Английский

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A century of comparative biomechanics: emerging and historical perspectives on an interdisciplinary field

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 226(Suppl_1)

Published: April 22, 2023

This Special Issue showcases JEB's central role in historical, current and future comparative biomechanics research. Comparative is defined as the scientific study of mechanics non-human organisms, including animals, plants fungi. Mechanics branch physics that addresses forces displacements relate to movement. research traditionally conducted at tissue whole-organism levels, mechanical interactions between whole organisms environment. scope primarily restricted on animal systems, yet has included key papers about fungi when findings have broad relevance animals. While being an integral part newer fields biophysics (cellular molecular levels analysis), mechanobiology (transduction levels) bioinspiration/biomimetics (synthetic design based biological systems), enriches ecological evolutionary biology by integrating mechanics, morphology environment through studies across diverse species.The this focus questions addressed lens biomechanics. Cross-cutting time, from vantage points history field, today's Leveraging range paper categories, these topics are explored Commentaries, Reviews Research Articles. The assembled authors represent contributions – early career researchers (see associated ECR Spotlight interviews) senior members field. builds foundational definition (force displacement; mechanics) explore influences other fields, such environment/ecology, evolution engineering.Biomechanics, definition, requires measurements analyses force historical foundation kinematic extraordinary advances amount quality captured McHenry Hedrick's (2023) Review imaging technology used past century articles. Their published literature reveal correlates major shifts enabled larger datasets a greater number sampled individuals. Demuth et al. review remarkable technological 3D reconstruction movement, while offering integrated workflow for wishing integrate approaches into their organismal movements. Provini provide Commentary promise pitfalls using high-resolution motion data address complex movement dynamics, Manafzadeh offers focused joint mobility with insights arising directly recent strides reconstruction.Focusing interface biomechanics, three tackle within particular systems bird bills, cheetah locomotion hummingbird feeding. Krishnan's morphologies, materials, sensory capabilities bills exemplifies powerful discovery space integration new technologies materials testing one widespread structure. In Shield al.’s Review, cheetahs considered technology. By reviewing muscle physiology many discoveries driven offer sensors methodologies apply broadly biomechanical systems. Article Rico-Guevara uses state-of-the-art high-speed videography backlighting understand active play helping tongues transport nectar intraorally, tongue throat, shedding light nectarivory hummingbirds extremely bill morphologies.Technology also thrived alliance engineering. Harvey probe deeply currently burgeoning engineering, specifically perspective flying natural environments. not only highlights specific areas translation related wings but synthesis deep synergies even beyond extending inventions Leonardo da Vinci. engineering–biomechanics connection continues be engine rich, data-driven experimental work over invaluable quantitatively engineering translation.Encapsulating crucial interconnections naturally variable environments, Koehl begins her quote Vogel Wainwright's lab manual ‘Structure without function corpse, structure ghost’, follows own twist: ‘and organism its mirage’. Koehl's examines classic biomaterials each example, she shift understanding included, animals carrying cargo or adjusting environmental loads. Clifton similar theme pragmatic position how can systematically walking substrates? Taking themes air, Combes (2023), Article, measuring insect flight conditions. enables massive which subtle adjustments environments addressed.The developments environment–system exemplified Nirody Jimenez Reviews. explores exciting emerging system–environment neural framework panarthropod locomotion. Her encourages neural–biomechanical broader taxonomic exploration incorporate historic water bears (tardigrades). Nirody's revisiting system fish swimming via analysis emergent properties bodies fluids. Like Nirody, note importance incorporation fishes alongside use system–environmental interactions.Muscle dynamics been history. Mendoza principles contractions context physiology. connect foundations force–length force–velocity relationships non-model studies. engagement veteran physiologists looking toward interested tying together core mechanics. James integrates (and tendon) realm anthropogenic impacts, endocrine disruptors climate change. They examples evolved abilities ranging narrow temperature windows consistent ability generate muscle-driven motion, toleration highly physiological conditions (such dehydration). Flash Zullo examine dynamic modeling muscular hydrostats mechanisms long-standing interest biomechanists given unusual controlled movements soft Focusing topic hydrostats, Thompson obliquely striated squid tentacles informs multiple origins muscles.We hope readers will all mentioned brief, introductory cover article. We Centenary serves influential enduring reflection present-day impact field collection hopefully inform wide-ranging communities: learning works relevance, mid-career seeking enhance teaching technical skills/perspectives, funders/scientific administrators who provided Articles exemplify today next century.

Language: Английский

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Animating fossilized invertebrates by motion reconstruction

National Science Review, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(12)

Published: Oct. 14, 2023

Taking the motion reconstruction of Cretaceous hell ants as an example, this study shows how to achieve in fossil invertebrates and discusses potential challenges opportunities.

Language: Английский

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