Solar Energy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 287, С. 113250 - 113250
Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2025
Язык: Английский
Advanced Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10(16)
Опубликована: Март 30, 2023
Iron making is the biggest single cause of global warming. The reduction iron ores with carbon generates about 7% dioxide emissions to produce ≈1.85 billion tons steel per year. This dramatic scenario fuels efforts re-invent this sector by using renewable and carbon-free reductants electricity. Here, authors show how make sustainable reducing solid oxides hydrogen released from ammonia. Ammonia an annually 180 million ton traded chemical energy carrier, established transcontinental logistics low liquefaction costs. It can be synthesized green release again through reaction. advantage connects it making, for replacing fossil reductants. that ammonia-based oxide proceeds autocatalytic reaction, kinetically as effective hydrogen-based direct reduction, yields same metallization, industrially realized existing technologies. produced iron/iron nitride mixture subsequently melted in electric arc furnace (or co-charged into a converter) adjust composition target grades. A novel approach thus presented deploying intermittent energy, mediated ammonia, disruptive technology transition toward making.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
50
Energy Conversion and Management, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 315, С. 118776 - 118776
Опубликована: Июль 13, 2024
Concerning the transition from a carbon-based energy economy to renewable economy, hydrogen is considered an essential carrier for efficient and broad systems in China near future. aims gradually replace fossil fuel-based power generation with technologies achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This ambitious undertaking will involve building industrial production chain spanning production, storage, transportation, utilisation of 2030 (when China's peak be reached). review analyses current status technological R&D industry. Based on published data open literature, we compared costs emissions grey, blue, green production. The primary challenges concerning transportation storage are highlighted this study. Given that result using fuels, provide overview advances hydrogen-to-power industry technology R&D, including hydrogen-related technology, fuel cells, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, catalytic liquid carriers (e.g. ammonia, methanol, ethanol).
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
46
Annual Review of Materials Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 54(1), С. 247 - 297
Опубликована: Апрель 29, 2024
Steel production accounts for approximately 8% of all global CO 2 emissions, with the primary steelmaking route using iron ores contributing 80% those mainly due to use fossil-based reductants and fuel. Hydrogen-based reduction oxide is an alternative synthesis. However, counteract warming, decarbonization steel sector must proceed much faster than ongoing transition kinetics in steelmaking. Insufficient supply green hydrogen a particular bottleneck. Realizing higher fraction secondary thus gaining momentum as sustainable production. from scrap well established long products (rails, bars, wire), but there are two main challenges. First, not sufficient available satisfy market needs. Today, only one-third demand can be met by metallurgy since many have lifetime several decades. availability will increase about two-thirds total 2050 such that this grow massively next Second, often too contaminated produce high-performance sheet steels. This serious obstacle because advanced explicit low-tolerance specifications safety-critical high-strength steels, electric vehicles, energy conversion grids, high-speed trains, buildings, infrastructure. Therefore, we review metallurgical microstructural challenges opportunities producing steels via Focus placed on thermodynamic, kinetic, chemical, fundamentals effects scrap-related impurities properties.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
19
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 48(83), С. 32277 - 32293
Опубликована: Май 18, 2023
Green steel, produced using renewable energy and hydrogen, presents a promising avenue to decarbonize steel manufacturing expand the hydrogen industry. Australia, endowed with abundant resources iron ore deposits, is ideally placed support this global effort. This paper's two-step analytical approach offers first comprehensive assessment of Australia's potential develop green as value-added export commodity. The Economic Fairways modelling reveals strong alignment between prospective hubs current future operations, enabling shared infrastructure development first-mover advantages. By employing site-based system optimization that integrates both wind solar power sources, cost producing could decrease significantly around AU$900 per tonne by 2030 AU$750 2050. Moreover, replacing 1% production would require 35 GW well-optimized photovoltaics, 11 electrolysers, 1000 square kilometres land. Sensitivity analysis further indicates prices exert long-term influence on prices. Overall, study highlights opportunities challenges facing Australian industry in contributing decarbonization sector, underscoring crucial role government driving growth
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
37
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(26), С. 9882 - 9896
Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2024
Ammonia is a promising alternative hydrogen carrier that can be utilized for the solid-state reduction of iron oxides sustainable ironmaking due to its easy transportation and high energy density. The main challenge utilization on an industrial scale understand reaction kinetics under different process conditions associated nitrogen incorporation in reduced material originates from ammonia decomposition. In this work, effect temperature efficiency nitride formation investigated through phase, local chemistry, gas evolution analysis. effects inherent reactions diffusion phase chemistry are discussed relation temperature. work also discusses into both spontaneous in-process nitriding, which fundamentally affects structure material. Finally, reoxidation tendency ammonia-based compared with hydrogen-based counterpart. results provide fundamental understanding nitriding exposed at temperatures 500 800 °C, serving as basis exploitation upscaling direct future green steel production.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
15
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(3), С. 1428 - 1445
Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2024
Abstract The steel industry is one of the main contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for about 7 9% world’s total output. sector under pressure move toward net-zero emissions by reducing its consumption coke as method iron-rich feed materials iron. Due well-developed synthesis process, high supply chain, straightforward handling technologies, and highly developed long-standing infrastructure, ammonia has potential become a replacement future iron ore reductant. This work reviews previous research on direct reduction oxides possible formation nitrides. A thermodynamic assessment using FactSage 8.2 thermochemical software was carried out examining behavior reductant upon heating, detailed evaluations stable phases present different reaction conditions materials, stability nitride phases. results suggest that hematite with occurs in two steps below 570 °C three above °C. ratio Fe 2 O 3 /NH predicted affect reactions promoting greater degree simultaneously lowering initial temperature needed reduction, while excess concentration can suppress FeO formation. predominance area diagram showing areas function partial NH temperature. nitrides during process these were not expected cause issues due their instability studied. analysis be used inform further experimental studies regarding oxide. Graphical
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
14
Nature, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2024
Metallurgical production traditionally involves three steps: extracting metals from ores, mixing them into alloys by liquid processing and thermomechanical to achieve the desired microstructures
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
11
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 63(21), С. 9315 - 9328
Опубликована: Март 26, 2024
Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3–RR) to ammonia is a promising route eliminate one of the major pollutants in surface water and groundwater. When powered by renewable electricity, electrolysis provides sustainable method generate from ions, facilitating transition linear circular economy. Optimizing physical chemical properties cells crucial making this process economically viable for widespread implementation. Here, we explore how choice current density, conductivity, pH, interelectrode distance, membrane, catalyst, buffer solution affect removal performance efficiency. We developed modeling framework investigate cell characteristics fluid dynamics during electrochemical NO3–RR using both laminar bubbly flows. To obtain more precise results, employed flow model (i.e., multiphase fluid) take into account gas production near electrode affects liquid velocity, pH distribution, and, ultimately, potential losses. exploit mass transfer theory include density effect on migration diffusion. In absence solution, Nernstian loss became significant portion polarization loss, which increased with density. identified positive membrane energy efficiency as being at smaller distances. This study insights origin losses enabling optimization fuel synthesis.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
10
Advanced Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2025
Abstract The potential of hydrogen plasma arc technology for the efficient deoxygenation and recycling titanium alloy scrap is explored. results thermodynamic analysis reveal that suitable oxygen removal. intermediate stages process are sequentially analyzed, showing primarily facilitated reduction dissolution oxides as well eliminated interstitial oxygen. experimental demonstrate dynamics governed by interaction between partial pressure surface area irradiation range. Furthermore, detailed characterization recycled alloys indicate not only reduces content to levels compliant with industrial standards Ti‐6Al‐4 V but also substantially enhances tensile strength ductility compared those conventional cast alloys. microstructural show tends concentrate in β phase, whereas predominantly found α phase. These findings highlight effectiveness technology, which offers environmental benefits improves performance resulting material, indicating its promise a solution recycling.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
2
Advanced Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10(24)
Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2023
Abstract Gas–solid reactions are important for many redox processes that underpin the energy and sustainability transition. The specific case of hydrogen‐based iron oxide reduction is foundation to render global steel industry fossil‐free, an essential target as production largest single industrial emitter carbon dioxide. This perception gas–solid has not only been limited by availability state‐of‐the‐art techniques which can delve into structure chemistry reacted solids, but one continues miss reaction partner defines thermodynamics kinetics gas phase reactions: molecules. In this investigation, cryogenic‐atom probe tomography used study quasi in situ evolution solid phases direct deuterium at 700°C. So far several unknown atomic‐scale characteristics observed, including, D 2 accumulation interface; formation a core (wüstite)‐shell (iron) structure; inbound diffusion through layer partitioning among defects; outbound oxygen wüstite and/or next free available inner/outer surface; internal heavy nano‐water droplets nano‐pores.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
18