Environmental Impacts of Graphite Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Life Cycle Assessment

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 9(43), С. 14488 - 14501

Опубликована: Окт. 22, 2021

With the emergence of portable electronics and electric vehicle adoption, last decade has witnessed an increasing fabrication lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The future development LIBs is threatened by limited reserves virgin materials, while inadequate management spent endangers environmental human health. According to Circular Economy principles aiming at reintroducing end-of-life materials back into economic cycle, further attention should be directed implementation battery recycling processes. To enable sustainable paths for graphite recovery, footprint state-of-the-art through life cycle assessment analyzed quantifying contribution nine methods combining pyrometallurgical hydrometallurgical approaches indicators such as global warming, ozone layer depletion potential, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, or acidification. Laboratory-scale scaled up pilot-scale processes able treat 100 kg graphite. values ranging from 0.53 9.76 kg·CO2 equiv. per 1 graphite, energy consumption waste acid generation are main drivers. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates a 20–73% impact reduction limiting one-fourth amount H2SO4. Combined involving hydrometallurgy pyrometallurgy give environmentally preferable results. electrochemical performance regenerated also compared with battery-grade This work provides cues boosting batteries, strengthening circular in industry.

Язык: Английский

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Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in the Circular Economy: A Review

Recycling, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 7(3), С. 33 - 33

Опубликована: Май 28, 2022

Lithium-ion batteries have become a crucial part of the energy supply chain for transportation (in electric vehicles) and renewable storage systems. Recycling is considered one most effective ways recovering materials spent LIB streams circulating material in critical chain. However, few review articles been published research domain recycling circular economy, with mainly focusing on either methods or challenges opportunities economy LIBs. This paper reviewed 93 (66 original 27 articles) identified Web Science core collection database. The study showed that publications area are increasing exponentially, many recovery-related issues; policy regulatory affairs received less attention than recycling. Most studies were experiments followed by evaluation planning (as per categorization made). Pre-treatment processes widely discussed, which hydrometallurgy direct physical (DPR). DPR promising technique requires further attention. Some issues require consideration include techno-economic assessment process, safe reverse logistics, global EV revealing recovery potential, lifecycle (both hydrometallurgical pyrometallurgical processes). Furthermore, application business model associated stakeholders’ engagement, clear definitive guidelines, extended producer responsibility implications, tracking, identification deserve focus. presents several future directions would be useful academics policymakers taking necessary steps such as product design, integrated techniques, intra-industry stakeholder cooperation, development, analysis, others towards achieving value

Язык: Английский

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Advanced Nonflammable Organic Electrolyte Promises Safer Li‐Metal Batteries: From Solvation Structure Perspectives

Advanced Materials, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 35(13)

Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2022

Batteries with a Li-metal anode have recently attracted extensive attention from the battery communities owing to their high energy density. However, severe dendrite growth hinders practical applications. More seriously, when Li dendrites pierce separators and trigger short circuit in highly flammable organic electrolyte, results would be catastrophic. Although issues of been almost addressed by various methods, nature conventional liquid electrolytes is still lingering fear facing high-energy-density batteries given possibility thermal runaway high-voltage cathode. Recently, kinds nonflammable liquid- or solid-state shown great potential toward safer minimal detrimental effect on performance even enhanced electrochemical performance. In this review, recent advances developing electrolyte for including high-concentration localized fluorinated ionic polymer are summarized. Then, solvation structure different analyzed provide insight into mechanism suppression fire extinguishing. Finally, guidelines future design provided.

Язык: Английский

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Polymer Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Advanced Functional Materials, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 32(21)

Опубликована: Март 10, 2022

Abstract Polymer electrode materials (PEMs) have become a hot research topic for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high energy density, tunable structure, and flexibility. They are regarded as category of promising alternatives conventional inorganic because abundant green resources. Currently, conducting polymers, carbonyl radical sulfide imine polymers five kinds PEMs studied extensively. This review introduces the latest progress LIBs from perspectives molecular redox mechanism, electrochemical performance. The synthesis mechanisms methods outlined guide future design PEMs. However, practical application is limited by insufficient conductivity, structural instability, solubility. Aiming at these obstacles, reasonable optimization strategies discussed, including modification control micromorphology, composite carbon materials. Finally, development trends prospects put forward.

Язык: Английский

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A comprehensive review and classification of unit operations with assessment of outputs quality in lithium-ion battery recycling

Journal of Power Sources, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 546, С. 231979 - 231979

Опубликована: Авг. 26, 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the core component of electrification transition, being used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage. The exponential growth LIB use generates a large flow spent which must be recycled. This paper provides comprehensive review industrial realities recycling companies Europe, North America, Asia. An in-depth description representative pyrometallurgy-based hydrometallurgy-based processes is reported, providing classification unit operations, their readiness, quality output materials. analysis shows that pyrometallurgical route can treat different chemistries without pre-sorting, but Li not recovered unless slag refined. Hydrometallurgy-based more chemistry-specific in, although affected by losses electrode active materials during mechanical pre-treatments for black mass separation. Efforts required to promote Europe capacity readiness hydrometallurgical facilitating sorting separations. There also need harmonization criteria outputs definitions rules calculating efficiency indicators. represents an opportunity modeling support quantitative techno-economic environmental assessments entire chain.

Язык: Английский

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