Abstract
The
efficacy
of
electron
transport
layers
(ETLs)
is
pivotal
for
optimizing
the
device
performance
perovskite
photovoltaic
applications.
However,
colloidal
dispersions
SnO
2
are
prone
to
aggregation
and
possess
structural
defects,
such
as
terminal‐hydroxyls
(OH
T
)
oxygen
vacancies
(V
O
s),
which
can
degrade
quality
ETLs,
impede
charge
extraction
transport,
affect
nucleation
growth
processes
layer.
In
this
study,
Sb(OH)
4
−
ions
hydrolyzed
from
SbCl
3
in
dispersion
bind
defect
sites
effectively
stabilize
nanocrystals
demonstrated.
Upon
oxidative
annealing,
a
Sb
5
@SnO
composite
film
formed,
not
only
mitigates
aforementioned
defects
but
also
broadens
energy
range
unoccupied
states
through
its
dispersed
conduction
band.
increased
affinity
(EA)
facilitates
more
efficient
capture
photoexcited
electrons
layer,
thus
augmenting
minimizing
electron‐hole
recombination.
As
result,
significant
improvement
power
conversion
efficiency
(PCE)
22.60%
24.54%
achieved,
with
an
open
circuit
voltage
(
V
OC
up
1.195
V,
along
excellent
stability
unsealed
devices
under
various
conditions.
This
study
provides
valuable
insights
understanding
design
ETLs
Advanced Materials,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 7, 2025
Abstract
The
instability
of
perovskite
precursor
solution
induced
by
deprotonation
organic
cations
and
oxidation
iodide
ions
substantially
deteriorates
the
reproducibility
reliability
photovoltaic
performance
solar
cells
(PSCs).
above
decomposition
reactions
can
be
conquered
via
synergistic
engineering
functional
groups.
However,
how
spatial
conformation
type
weak
acid
groups
impact
stability
remains
to
investigated.
Herein,
it
is
uncovered
that
position
on
benzene
remarkably
influence
dissociation
constant
(p
K
a
)
thus
inks.
p
plays
decisive
role
in
suppressing
following
amine‐cation
addition‐elimination
reaction.
4‐hydrazinobenzenesulfonic
(4‐HBSA)
with
lowest
optimal
stabilizing
inks
mitigating
nonradiative
recombination
through
defect
passivation.
This
breakthrough
enables
inverted
PSCs
deliver
power
conversion
efficiency
(PCE)
26.79%
(certified
26.36%,
highest
PCE
value
for
prepared
ambient
conditions)
using
vacuum
flash
evaporation
technology.
modulated
PSC
could
maintain
92%
its
initial
after
2000
h
continuous
maximum
point
tracking.
Advanced Materials,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 7, 2025
Abstract
Realizing
high‐quality
perovskite
films
through
uniform
defect
passivation
and
crystallization
control
is
pivotal
to
unlocking
the
potential
of
scalable
applications.
However,
prevalent
small‐molecule
additives
are
inherently
susceptible
dynamics
perovskites,
resulting
in
non‐uniform
distribution
within
crystalline
film
impeding
consistent
precise
control.
While
polymers
offer
improved
uniformity,
their
poor
solubility
restricts
practical
To
overcome
this
limitation,
an
situ
self‐polymerization
strategy
employed,
enabling
homogeneous
coordination
between
sulfonate‐containing
undercoordinated
lead
cations.
This
approach
enhances
quality,
promotes
larger
grain
domains,
facilitates
more
efficient
charge
transport
across
domain
boundaries.
As
a
result,
solar
cells
(PSCs)
achieve
remarkable
power
conversion
efficiency
25.34%
small‐area
devices
21.54%
14.0
cm
2
mini‐modules,
accompanied
by
exceptional
operational
stability.
These
findings
highlight
polymerization
as
effective
for
leveraging
sulfonate
challenges,
advancing
fabrication
stable
PSCs.
Energy & Environmental Science,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
This
work
reports
a
dual-site
passivation
of
anionic
and
cationic
defects
through
heterocycle
functionalized
amidinium
cations
for
achieving
highly
efficient
perovskite
solar
cells.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 15, 2025
Tin-based
perovskites
have
been
recognized
as
an
optimal
alternative
to
lead-based
in
the
photovoltaic
field
due
their
nontoxic
nature
and
excellent
optoelectrical
properties.
However,
efficiency
stability
of
tin-based
perovskite
solar
cells
(Sn-PSCs)
competing
requirements
are
significantly
worse
than
those
counterparts,
primarily
poor
layer
quality,
Sn2+
oxidation,
high
defect
density.
Herein,
cyanamide
(CA)
with
-C≡N
-NH2
groups
is
introduced
a
multifunctional
additive
precursor
solution
Sn-PSCs
improve
crystallinity
suppress
microstructure
defects.
A
series
characterizations
demonstrates
that
CA
molecules
strong
interactions
I-,
thereby
suppressing
oxidation
migration
I-.
The
additives
result
reduced
density
inhibit
carrier
recombination.
Consequently,
modified
by
(CA-modified
PSC)
achieve
champion
PCE
11.74%,
which
much
higher
7.32%
control
devices.
Significantly,
exposure
unencapsulated
CA-modified
PSC
N2
atmosphere
for
5000
h
does
not
affect
initial
efficiency,
while
devices
show
only
63%
original
efficiency.
This
work
provides
straightforward
effective
strategy
development
efficient
stable
Sn-PSCs.
In
the
rapidly
developing
field
of
photovoltaics,
organic–inorganic
metal
halide
perovskites
are
outstanding
for
their
exceptional
power
conversion
efficiencies
(PCE),
exceeding
26%.
However,
full
potential
these
materials
is
often
undermined
by
prevalence
defects
within
structure
and
at
grain
surfaces,
leading
to
significant
nonradiative
recombination
losses.
To
meet
this
critical
challenge,
study
introduces
a
novel
strategy
involving
pyrrolidinium
derivative
tetrafluoroborate
ionic
liquid,
specifically
2‐pyrrolidin‐1‐ium‐1‐ethylammonium
(PyE(BF
4
)
2
),
as
an
additive
in
perovskite
precursor.
This
approach
aims
meticulously
control
crystallization
processes
effectively
passivate
on
surface
boundaries
perovskite.
The
formation
N─H…I
−
hydrogen
bonds
strong
interactions,
PyE(BF
not
only
stabilizes
[PbI
6
]
4−
framework
but
also
optimizes
valence
band
alignment
with
hole
transport
layer.
Empirical
results
demonstrate
that
solar
cells
modified
have
achieved
notable
PCE
23.80%
remarkable
stability
1300
h
under
standard
testing
protocols
(ISOS‐V‐1).
findings
emphasize
transformative
multifunctional
liquids
enhancing
performance
durability
perovskite‐based
photovoltaic
devices,
marking
step
forward
pursuing
sustainable
efficient
energy
solutions.
