
Frontiers in Energy Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13
Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2025
Unlike conventional bioethanol production, which raises environmental concerns such as a high carbon footprint from resource-intensive crops, deforestation, and food security issues, non-conventional production offers more sustainable alternative. However, non-traditional feedstock availability its pretreatment are the main challenges, importantly is either underreported or poorly forecasted, while costly, reaching up to 40% of overall process it might generate inhibitors that hamper ethanol in commercial scale, well impact. The literature further lacks recent update for microbial ability ferment these feedstocks their tolerance compared with yeast. Therefore, this review discusses Europe’s national levels pretreatment, highlighting pretreatment’s cost industrially, scalability, impact on fermentation environment. Moreover, European policies commercialization discussed, emphasizing revised RED III policy, certification scheme, how eliminate fraudulent biofuel imports boost advanced production. Finally, pilot-scale case studies investigated methods besides microbes’ ability, inhibitors, techniques immobilization improve yield.
Язык: Английский