Water, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(11), С. 1586 - 1586
Опубликована: Май 23, 2025
Groundwater constitutes the primary source of liquid freshwater on Earth and is essential for ecosystems, agriculture, human consumption. However, rising demand, urbanization, climate change have intensified groundwater depletion, particularly in semi-arid regions. Therefore, assessing recharge zones sustainable water resource management vulnerable areas such as Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. This study aims to delineate potential (GWPZs), using an integrated approach combining Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing (RS), analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Twelve factors were identified a conducted GIS-based AHP determine region. These include land use/land cover (LULC), rainfall, drainage density, soil type, slope, road table depth, indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Built-up (NDBI), Moisture Stress (MSI), Worldview Water (WVWI), Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results show that 17.52% 2.03% area “good” “very good” recharge, respectively, while 48.63% has “moderate” potential. Furthermore, gentle slopes (0–2.471°), high shallow depths (20–94 m), densely vegetated (with NDVI) are considered important influencing recharge. Conversely, with steep slopes, temperatures, dense built-up showed “poor” demonstrates effectiveness integrating advanced model context, validated through high-accuracy field data (Kappa = 0.93). methodology offers cost-effective decision support tool planning similar environments.
Язык: Английский