A focused review on recycling and hydrolysis techniques of polyethylene terephthalate

Polymer Engineering and Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 63(9), С. 2651 - 2674

Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2023

Abstract Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used in textile and packaging industries. The main source of PET production fossil fuels with limited capacity. Also, products are single use that transform into high volumes wastes, causing ecosystem problems. Recycling proposed to confront this challenge. four major recycling techniques mechanical, chemical, pyrolysis, enzymatic. Mechanical, enzymatic have constrained capabilities manage waste. Chemical the potential path expanding waste possibility upcycling addressing dirty streams. Several chemical methods introduced discussed literature. five glycolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis, ammonolysis, hydrolysis. This review describes depolymerization via these introduces hydrolysis as one can depolymerize an organic‐free solvent environment. Hydrolysis tolerates mixed wastes streams including copolymers. It helps avoid challenges attributed using organic solvents reaction systems. Moreover, produces terephthalic acid, monomer, which has recently gained attention initiative monomer for production. focuses on three forms hydrolysis—alkaline, neutral, by presenting background studies, issued patents, recent trends application

Язык: Английский

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Salient Achievements in Synthetic Organic Chemistry Enabled by Mechanochemical Activation

Synthesis, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 55(16), С. 2439 - 2459

Опубликована: Май 3, 2023

Abstract Although known for millennia, it is only recently that mechanochemistry has received serious attention by chemists. Indeed, during the past 15 years an extraordinary number of reports concerning solid-state chemical transformations through grinding and milling techniques have been recorded. This short review discusses circumstances led this renaissance, highlighting present intense interest in so-called green chemistry, enabling capacity to handle insoluble substrates, identification profound influence additives can on mechanochemically activated reactions. The core account focuses salient developments synthetic organic especially amino acid peptide­ mechanosynthesis, successful employment mechanochemical activation combination with asymmetric organocatalysis, promising enzymatic whole cell biocatalysis, remarkable achievement multicomponent selective reactions via complex, multistep reaction pathways, mechanosynthesis representative heterocycles. final section comments some pending tasks area, such as scaling-up processes be practical use industry, requirement easier more efficient control parameters monitoring devices, consequently careful analysis additional procedures a proper understanding phenomena. 1 Introduction 2 Brief History Mechanochemistry 3 Milling Equipment Reaction Parameters 4 Attributes That Propelled Its Present Renaissance 4.1 Enormous Attention Being Presently Paid Sustainable Chemistry 4.2 Reduced Energy Consumption 4.3 Additive-Based 4.4 Handling Insoluble Reactants 4.5 ‘Impossible’ Reactions Are Successful 4.6 Air- Water-Sensitive Reagents Ball 5 Salient Developments Mechanochemical Activation Synthetic Organic 5.1 Amino Acid Peptide Mechanosynthesis 5.2 Asymmetric Synthesis Organocatalysis under Ball-Milling Conditions 5.3 Mechanoenzymology 5.4 Multicomponent Activated 5.5 Heterocycles Modification 6 Future Directions 6.1 Scaling-Up Protocols 6.2 Temperature-Controlled 6.3 Understanding Transformations 6.4 Emerging Techniques 7 Conclusions

Язык: Английский

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Chemical recycling of polyester textile wastes: shifting towards sustainability

Green Chemistry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 26(12), С. 6857 - 6885

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Amongst all synthetic polymers used in the clothing industry, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is most widely polyester, its fibres representing half total PET global market (in comparison bottle being less than a third).

Язык: Английский

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Advancing Textile Waste Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities Across Polymer and Non-Polymer Fiber Types

Polymers, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(5), С. 628 - 628

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2025

The growing environmental impact of textile waste, fueled by the rapid rise in global fiber production, underscores urgent need for sustainable end-of-life solutions. This review explores cutting-edge pathways waste management, spotlighting innovations that reduce reliance on incineration and landfilling while driving material circularity. It highlights advancements collection, sorting, pretreatment technologies, as well both established emerging recycling methods. Smart collection systems utilizing tags sensors show great promise streamlining logistics automating pick-up routes transactions. For automated technologies like near-infrared hyperspectral imaging lead way accurate scalable separation. Automated disassembly techniques are effective at removing problematic elements, though other pretreatments, such color finish removal, still to be customized specific streams. Mechanical is ideal textiles with strong mechanical properties but has limitations, particularly blended fabrics, cannot repeated endlessly. Polymer recycling-through melting or dissolving polymers-produces higher-quality recycled materials comes high energy solvent demands. Chemical recycling, especially solvolysis pyrolysis, excels breaking down synthetic polymers polyester, potential yield virgin-quality monomers. Meanwhile, biological methods, their infancy, natural fibers cotton wool. When methods not viable, gasification can used convert into synthesis gas. concludes future hinges integrating sorting advancing solvent-based chemical technologies. These innovations, supported eco-design principles, progressive policies, industry collaboration, essential building a resilient, circular economy.

Язык: Английский

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From green to circular chemistry paved by biocatalysis

Green Chemistry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 25(18), С. 7041 - 7057

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Biocatalysts raised by the green chemistry and circular principles can constitute most important efficient strategy for achieving many of 17 Sustainable Development Goals launched UN.

Язык: Английский

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State of the Art in Textile Waste Management: A Review

Textiles, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 3(4), С. 454 - 467

Опубликована: Дек. 18, 2023

Textile waste constitutes a significant fraction of municipal solid sent to landfill or incinerated. Its innovative management is important enhance sustainability and circularity. This review aims present the latest policies state-of-the-art technologies in collection, sorting recycling textile waste. Policies at global regional levels are increasingly made address industry integrate concept circular economy. They crucial driving changes innovations current management. The Internet Things, big data, blockchain smart contracts have been proposed improve transparency, traceability accountability collection process. optimize routes, transactions agreements among stakeholders. using near-infrared spectroscopy, optical artificial intelligence enables its separation based on composition, color quality. mechanical textiles regenerates fibers with same different applications from those original fabrics. Fibers used for making building slope protection materials. Chemical depolymerizes chemicals produce monomers new other materials, while biological uses enzymes microorganisms this purpose instead chemicals. Thermal recovers energy fuels through pyrolysis, gasification hydrothermal liquefaction. These may drawbacks high cost scalability. contributes decision by synthesizing strengths weaknesses

Язык: Английский

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Recent advances in the biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate with cutinase-like enzymes

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2023

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer in the polyester family. It widely found objects used daily, including packaging materials (such as bottles and containers), textiles fibers), even automotive electronics industries. PET known for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, transparency. However, these features (e.g., high hydrophobicity molecular weight) also make highly resistant to degradation by wild-type microorganisms or physicochemical methods nature, contributing accumulation of plastic waste environment. Therefore, accelerated recycling becoming increasingly urgent address global environmental problem caused wastes prevent pollution. In addition traditional physical cycling pyrolysis, gasification) depolymerization), biodegradation can be used, which involves breaking down organic into simpler compounds PET-degrading enzymes. Lipases cutinases are two classes enzymes that have been studied extensively this purpose. Biodegradation an attractive approach managing waste, it help reduce pollution promote circular economy. During past few years, great advances accomplished biodegradation. review, current knowledge on cutinase-like hydrolases TfCut2, Cut190, HiC, LCC) was described detail, structures, ligand–protein interactions, rational protein engineering improved performance. particular, applications engineered catalysts were highlighted, such improving hydrolytic activity constructing fusion proteins. The review expected provide novel insights complex polymers.

Язык: Английский

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Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates with Ball-Mill Grinding

Macromolecules, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 57(7), С. 3131 - 3137

Опубликована: Март 25, 2024

In this report, we demonstrate that polymethacrylates can undergo appreciable depolymerization, with mild conditions and without reactive end groups, using ball-mill grinding (BMG). For instance, the important commercial polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) underwent up to 41% depolymerization monomer within 8 min of grinding. We explored factors influence conversion found temperature (heating only 43 °C), addition a small amount liquid (μL tert-butyl alcohol), ball number/size be most parameters. also applied method other pendent substituent extent depolymerization. Addition was reverse effects were observed bulk among studied, PMMA had lowest in one highest conversions slurry. Notably, molecular weight residual polymer is remarkably low, ca. 1 kDa, demonstrating excellent degradation performance BMG. Overall, work provides mechanistic insight into reactions under ball-milling represents an step expanding BMG as tool for chemical recycling polymethacrylates.

Язык: Английский

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Recycling of Blended Fabrics for a Circular Economy of Textiles: Separation of Cotton, Polyester, and Elastane Fibers

Sustainability, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(14), С. 6206 - 6206

Опубликована: Июль 20, 2024

The growing textile industry is polluting the environment and producing waste at an alarming rate. wasteful consumption of fast fashion has made problem worse. management textiles been ineffective. Spurred by urgency reducing environmental footprint textiles, this review examines advances challenges to separate important constituents such as cotton (which mostly cellulose), polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), elastane, also known spandex (polyurethane), from blended textiles. Once separated, individual fiber types can meet demand for sustainable strategies in recycling. concepts mechanical, chemical, biological recycling are introduced first. Blended or mixed pose mechanical which cannot fibers blend. However, separation blends be achieved molecular recycling, i.e., selectively dissolving depolymerizing specific polymers Specifically, through dissolution, acidic hydrolysis, acid-catalyzed hydrothermal treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis discussed here, followed elastane other selective degradation dissolution elastane. information synthesized analyzed assist stakeholders sectors mapping out achieving practices promoting shift towards a circular economy.

Язык: Английский

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Opportunities and Limitations in Recycling Fossil Polymers from Textiles

Macromol—A Journal of Macromolecular Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 3(2), С. 120 - 148

Опубликована: Апрель 15, 2023

The recovery and recycling of textile waste is becoming urgent since textiles are generating more waste. In one year, about 92 million tons produced the fashion industry accounts for 58 plastic per year. Several different synthetic fibres used in textiles, thanks to their excellent processability mechanical properties, but on other hand, difficulties linked end life release microplastics from them during washing currently a cause great concern. this context, policy actions have been aimed at promoting replacing fossil-based with biobased fibres. current review, considering both scientific papers published international journals web sources, considers sorting possible polyesters, polyamides acrylics. Nevertheless, contamination presence mixed fabrics another issue face recycling. Methodologies solve elastane, present stretch fabrics, as well possibility non-woven composite sector investigated. Moreover, chemical enzymatic fossil polymers also considered. Thanks comprehensive scheme it deduce that, while use materials should rapidly increase applications, perspective obtained into durable and/or high-performance products seems most promising.

Язык: Английский

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