Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(36), С. 13270 - 13291
Опубликована: Авг. 23, 2023
With
the
rise
of
new
energy
vehicle
industry
represented
by
Tesla
and
BYD,
need
for
lithium-ion
batteries
(LIBs)
grows
rapidly.
However,
owing
to
limited
service
life
LIBs,
large-scale
retirement
tide
LIBs
has
come.
The
recycling
spent
become
an
inevitable
trend
resource
recovery,
environmental
protection,
social
demand.
low
added
value
recovery
previous
mostly
used
traditional
metal
extraction,
which
caused
damage
had
high
cost.
Beyond
upcycling
came
into
being.
In
this
work,
we
have
outlined
particularly
focus
on
sustainable
technologies
toxic
electrolyte,
cathode,
anode
from
LIBs.
For
whether
electrolyte
extraction
or
decomposition,
restoring
original
components
decomposing
them
low-carbon
conversion
is
goal
upcycling.
Direct
regeneration
preparation
advanced
materials
are
best
strategies
cathodic
with
advantages
cost
consumption,
but
challenges
remain
in
industrial
practice.
graphite-based
battery-grade
graphite
shows
us
prospect
anode.
Furthermore,
future
development
summarized
discussed
technological
perspectives.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
33(14)
Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2023
Abstract
As
the
dominant
means
of
energy
storage
technology
today,
widespread
deployment
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs)
would
inevitably
generate
countless
spent
at
their
end
life.
From
perspectives
environmental
protection
and
resource
sustainability,
recycling
is
a
necessary
strategy
to
manage
end‐of‐life
LIBs.
Compared
with
traditional
hydrometallurgical
pyrometallurgical
methods,
emerging
direct
technology,
rejuvenating
electrode
materials
via
non‐destructive
way,
has
attracted
rising
attention
due
its
efficient
processes
along
increased
economic
return
reduced
CO
2
footprint.
This
review
investigates
state‐of‐the‐art
technologies
based
on
effective
relithiation
through
solid‐state,
aqueous,
eutectic
solution
ionic
liquid
mediums
thoroughly
discusses
underlying
regeneration
mechanism
each
method
regarding
different
battery
chemistries.
It
concluded
that
can
be
more
energy‐efficient,
cost‐effective,
sustainable
way
recycle
LIBs
compared
approaches.
Additionally,
it
also
identified
still
in
infancy
several
fundamental
technological
hurdles
such
as
separation,
binder
removal
electrolyte
recovery.
In
addressing
these
remaining
challenges,
this
proposes
an
outlook
potential
technical
avenues
accelerate
development
toward
industrial
applications.
Chemical Society Reviews,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
52(23), С. 8194 - 8244
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
Unlike
conventional
recycling
methods
that
focus
on
'extraction',
direct
aims
for
'repair',
which
necessitates
selecting
and
designing
a
strategy
based
the
failure
mechanisms
of
spent
lithium
ion
battery
materials.
The
overuse
and
exploitation
of
fossil
fuels
has
triggered
the
energy
crisis
caused
tremendous
issues
for
society.
Lithium-ion
batteries
(LIBs),
as
one
most
important
renewable
storage
technologies,
have
experienced
booming
progress,
especially
with
drastic
growth
electric
vehicles.
To
avoid
massive
mineral
mining
opening
new
mines,
battery
recycling
to
extract
valuable
species
from
spent
LIBs
is
essential
development
energy.
Therefore,
needs
be
widely
promoted/applied
advanced
technology
low
consumption,
emission,
green
reagents
highlighted.
In
this
review,
necessity
first
discussed
several
different
aspects.
Second,
various
technologies
that
are
currently
used,
such
pyrometallurgical
hydrometallurgical
methods,
summarized
evaluated.
Then,
based
on
challenges
above
authors
look
further
forward
some
cutting-edge
direct
repair
regeneration.
addition,
also
discuss
prospects
selected
strategies
next-generation
solid-state
Li-metal
batteries.
Finally,
overall
conclusions
future
perspectives
sustainability
devices
presented
in
last
chapter.
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
145(13), С. 7288 - 7300
Опубликована: Март 6, 2023
Recycling
spent
lithium-ion
batteries
(LIBs)
has
become
an
urgent
task
to
address
the
issues
of
resource
shortage
and
potential
environmental
pollution.
However,
direct
recycling
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2
(NCM523)
cathode
is
challenging
because
strong
electrostatic
repulsion
from
a
transition
metal
octahedron
in
lithium
layer
provided
by
rock
salt/spinel
phase
that
formed
on
surface
cycled
severely
disrupts
Li+
transport,
which
restrains
replenishment
during
regeneration,
resulting
regenerated
with
inferior
capacity
cycling
performance.
Here,
we
propose
topotactic
transformation
stable
into
Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2
then
back
NCM523
cathode.
As
result,
relithiation
reaction
low
migration
barriers
occurs
facile
transport
channel
(from
one
octahedral
site
another,
passing
through
tetrahedral
intermediate)
weakened
repulsion,
greatly
improves
regeneration.
In
addition,
proposed
method
can
be
extended
repair
black
mass,
LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2,
LiCoO2
cathodes,
whose
electrochemical
performance
after
regeneration
comparable
commercial
pristine
cathodes.
This
work
demonstrates
fast
process
modifying
channels,
providing
unique
perspective
LIB
Advanced Energy Materials,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
13(6)
Опубликована: Дек. 23, 2022
Abstract
End
of
life
(EoL)
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs)
are
piling
up
at
an
intimidating
rate,
which
is
alarming
for
environmental
health.
With
further
expected
rapid
growth
LIB
use,
the
magnitude
spent
battery
accumulation
also
to
grow.
LiNi
x
Co
y
Mn
z
O
2
(NCM)
cathode
materials
a
dominant
chemistry
in
high
energy
LIBs,
and
make
huge
portion
this
waste
accumulation.
Direct
recycling
one
most
promising
ways
turn
wealth,
but
has
been
limited
lab‐scale,
due
lack
robustness,
namely
tedious
pretreatment
required
that
involves
toxic
organic
solvents.
Herein,
process
integrates
relithiation
black
mass
demonstrated.
Cathode
material
from
EoL
electric
vehicle
(EV)
treated
100
g
per
batch
operation
regenerated
active
demonstrates
100%
electrochemical
performance
recovery,
with
91%
yield
shows
promise
scale
up.
This
advantages
integration,
scalability,
universality,
clears
barricade
direct
move
lab
industry
considerable
profitability.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
33(45)
Опубликована: Июль 5, 2023
Abstract
The
upsurging
demand
for
electric
vehicles
and
the
rapid
consumption
of
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs)
calls
LIBs
to
possess
high
energy
density
resource
sustainability.
former
requires
usage
electroactive
materials
with
capacity
maximum
amount
within
fixed
electrode
volume.
latter
essentially
creates
a
closed‐loop
circulation
scenario
materials.
In
all
aspects,
binders
are
practical
significance
in
bonding
materials,
maintaining
integrity
detaching
slurry
from
current
collector.
Currently,
key
role
enhancing
electrochemical
behavior
sustainable
high‐capacity
has
been
recognized.
Meanwhile,
that
designed
easy
cost‐effective
recycling
gradually
reported.
Herein,
recently
developed
hold
promises
establishing
high‐energy‐density
summarized.
binder
facilitating
separation
first
highlighted.
Subsequently,
special
attention
is
paid
conductive
binders,
contributing
less
battery
chemistries
higher
electrode.
Additionally,
progress
emerging
also
reviewed.
It
believed
advances
will
open
up
opportunities
economy.
Abstract
In
the
recycling
of
retired
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs),
cathode
materials
containing
valuable
metals
should
be
first
separated
from
current
collector
aluminum
foil
to
decrease
difficulty
and
complexity
in
subsequent
metal
extraction.
However,
strong
binding
force
organic
binder
polyvinylidene
fluoride
(PVDF)
prevents
effective
separation
Al
foil,
thus
affecting
recycling.
This
paper
reviews
composition,
property,
function,
mechanism
PVDF,
elaborates
on
technologies
material
(e.g.,
physical
separation,
solid‐phase
thermochemistry,
solution
chemistry,
solvent
chemistry)
as
well
corresponding
reaction
behavior
transformation
mechanisms
PVDF.
Due
characteristic
variation
systems,
dissolution,
swelling,
melting,
degradation
processes
PVDF
exhibit
considerable
differences,
posing
new
challenges
efficient
spent
LIBs
worldwide.
It
is
critical
separate
recycle
reduce
environmental
risks
recovery
resources.
Developing
fluorine‐free
alternative
solid‐state
electrolytes
a
potential
way
mitigate
pollution
EV
era.
Chemical Society Reviews,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
53(11), С. 5552 - 5592
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
A
critical
review
of
the
recent
developments
in
recycling
spent
Li-ion
batteries
using
five
major
technologies
(direct
recycling,
pyrometallurgy,
hydrometallurgy,
bioleaching
and
electrometallurgy)
evaluation
their
sustainability.
