Porous
materials
have
been
widely
studied
as
oxygen
reaction
reduction
(ORR)
catalysts
since
they
large
surface
areas
and
abundant
pore
channels,
which
effectively
enhance
mass
transport
provide
accessible
active
sites
in
electrocatalytic
reactions.
In
this
chapter,
the
recent
research
on
porous
materials,
including
fabrication
strategies
application
ORR
catalysts,
is
summarized.
Selected
examples
insights
into
structural–performance
relationships
between
structures
performance.
Abstract
The
shortage
and
unevenness
of
fossil
energy
sources
are
affecting
the
development
progress
human
civilization.
technology
efficiently
converting
material
resources
into
for
utilization
storage
is
attracting
attention
researchers.
Environmentally
friendly
biomass
materials
a
treasure
to
drive
new‐generation
sources.
Electrochemical
theory
used
convert
chemical
substances
electrical
energy.
In
recent
years,
significant
has
been
made
in
green
economical
electrocatalysts
oxygen
reduction
reaction
(ORR).
Although
many
reviews
have
reported
around
application
biomass‐derived
catalytically
active
carbon
(CAC)
catalysts
ORR,
these
only
selected
single/partial
topic
(including
synthesis
preparation
from
different
sources,
structural
optimization,
or
performance
enhancement
methods
based
on
CAC
catalysts,
CACs)
discussion.
There
no
review
that
systematically
addresses
latest
synthesis,
enhancement,
applications
related
CAC‐based
synchronously.
This
fills
gap
by
providing
timely
comprehensive
summary
following
sections:
exposition
basic
catalytic
principles
composition
properties
various
types
biomass,
analysis
traditional
popular
optimization
strategies,
practical
oxidative
electrocatalysts.
provides
advances
provide
research
directions
design
ideas
catalyst
synthesis/optimization
contributes
industrialization
electrocatalysis
electric
storage.
Abstract
Metal–air
batteries,
fuel
cells,
and
electrochemical
H
2
O
production
currently
attract
substantial
consideration
in
the
energy
sector
owing
to
their
efficiency
eco‐consciousness.
However,
broader
use
is
hindered
by
complex
oxygen
reduction
reaction
(ORR)
that
occurs
at
cathodes
involves
intricate
electron
transfers.
Despite
significant
ORR
performance
of
platinum‐based
catalysts,
high
cost,
operational
limitations,
susceptibility
methanol
poisoning
hinder
implementation.
This
emphasizes
need
for
efficient
non‐precious
metal‐based
electrocatalysts.
A
promising
approach
utilizing
single‐atom
catalysts
(SACs)
featuring
metal–nitrogen–carbon
(M‐N‐C)
coordination
sites.
SACs
offer
advantages
such
as
optimal
utilization
metal
atoms,
uniform
active
centers,
precisely
defined
catalytic
sites,
robust
metal–support
interactions.
symmetrical
distribution
around
central
atom
a
site
(M‐N
4
)
often
results
suboptimal
performance.
challenge
can
be
addressed
carefully
tailoring
surrounding
environment
center.
review
specifically
focuses
on
recent
advancements
Fe‐N
within
Fe‐N‐C
SACs.
It
highlights
strategy
coupling
sites
with
clusters
and/or
nanoparticles,
which
enhances
intrinsic
activity.
By
capitalizing
interplay
between
associated
species,
overall
improved.
The
combines
findings
from
experimental
studies
density
functional
theory
simulations,
covering
synthesis
strategies
coupled
synergistic
characterization
techniques,
influence
particles
offering
comprehensive
outlook,
aims
encourage
research
into
high‐efficiency
Fe
real‐world
applications
coming
years.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(27), С. 16863 - 16876
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
The
symmetric
electronic
structure
of
an
Fe
single-atom
site
catalyst
was
effectively
regulated
by
incorporating
Co–N
x
sites
and
core–shell
Co
3
7
@C
nanoparticles,
resulting
in
high
performance
towards
the
ORR
Zn–air
batteries.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(44), С. 30798 - 30809
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Fe-single-atom-coupled
Fe
3
C
multifunctional
catalysts
on
P-,
F-,
N-doped
CNT
deliver
comparable
OER
behavior
to
RuO
2
,
better
ORR
performance
than
Pt/C,
and
ZAB
Pt/C–RuO
due
the
nanoarchitecture
abundant
active
sites.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
12(4), С. 2004 - 2010
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2023
Efficient
pH-universal
electrocatalysts
composed
of
highly
dispersive
tiny
Fe
nanoparticle
units
in
a
carbon
nanofiber
network
is
reported.
The
as-assembled
zinc–air
batteries
alkaline
and
neutral
electrolytes
exhibit
excellent
overall
performance.
Nano-Micro Letters,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2024
Abstract
Metal-free
carbon,
as
the
most
representative
heterogeneous
metal-free
catalysts,
have
received
considerable
interests
in
electro-
and
thermo-catalytic
reactions
due
to
their
impressive
performance
sustainability.
Over
past
decade,
well-designed
carbon
catalysts
with
tunable
structures
heteroatom
groups
coupled
various
characterization
techniques
proposed
numerous
reaction
mechanisms.
However,
active
sites,
key
intermediate
species,
precise
structure–activity
relationships
dynamic
evolution
processes
of
are
still
rife
controversies
monotony
limitation
used
experimental
methods.
In
this
Review,
we
summarize
extensive
efforts
on
model
since
2000s,
particularly
overcome
influences
material
structure
limitations
catalysis.
Using
both
nanomolecule
bulk
model,
real
contribution
each
alien
defect
edge
configuration
a
series
fundamentally
important
reactions,
such
thermocatalytic
electrocatalytic
were
systematically
studied.
Combined
situ
techniques,
isotope
labeling
size
control,
detailed
mechanisms,
2D
rate-determining
steps
revealed
at
molecular
level.
Furthermore,
outlook
catalysis
has
also
been
work.
