Innovative Micro- and Nano-Architectures in Biomedical Engineering for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications
Micromachines,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16(4), С. 419 - 419
Опубликована: Март 31, 2025
The
rapid
evolution
of
micro-
and
nano-architectures
is
revolutionizing
biomedical
engineering,
particularly
in
the
fields
therapeutic
diagnostic
micromechanics.
This
review
explores
recent
innovations
nanostructured
materials
their
transformative
impact
on
healthcare
applications,
ranging
from
drug
delivery
tissue
engineering
to
biosensing
diagnostics.
Key
advances
fabrication
techniques,
such
as
lithography,
3D
printing,
self-assembly,
have
enabled
unprecedented
control
over
material
properties
functionalities
at
microscopic
scales.
These
engineered
architectures
offer
enhanced
precision
targeting
controlled
release
delivery,
foster
cellular
interactions
improve
sensitivity
specificity
devices.
We
examine
critical
design
parameters,
including
biocompatibility,
mechanical
resilience,
scalability,
which
influence
clinical
efficacy
long-term
stability.
also
highlights
translational
potential
current
limitations
bringing
these
laboratory
research
practical
applications.
By
providing
a
comprehensive
overview
trends,
challenges,
future
perspectives,
this
article
aims
inform
inspire
further
development
that
hold
promise
for
advancing
personalized
medicine.
Язык: Английский
Development of 6D Electromagnetic Actuation for Micro/Nanorobots in High Viscosity Fluids for Drug Delivery
Technologies,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
13(5), С. 174 - 174
Опубликована: Апрель 27, 2025
This
research
focuses
on
the
development,
design,
implementation,
and
testing
(with
complete
hardware
software
integration)
of
a
6D
Electromagnetic
Actuation
(EMA)
system
for
precise
control
navigation
micro/nanorobots
(MNRs)
in
high-viscosity
fluids,
addressing
critical
challenges
targeted
drug
delivery
within
complex
biological
environments,
such
as
blood
vessels.
The
primary
objective
is
to
overcome
limitations
actuation
efficiency,
trajectory
stability,
accurate
path-tracking
MNRs.
EMA
utilizes
three
controllable
orthogonal
pairs
Helmholtz
coils
generate
uniform
magnetic
fields,
which
magnetize
steer
MNRs
3D
orientation.
Another
fields
orientation
steering
Additionally,
Maxwell
field
gradients,
enabling
efficient
propulsion
dynamic
fluidic
environments
real
time.
configuration
complemented
by
high-resolution
digital
microscopes
that
provide
real-time
visual
feedback,
enable
tracking
MNRs,
facilitate
an
effective
closed-loop
mechanism.
implemented
technique
aimed
enhance
accuracy,
minimize
deviations,
ensure
stable
movement
along
predefined
paths.
system’s
functionality,
operation,
performance
were
tested
verified
through
various
experiments,
focusing
hardware,
integration,
algorithm.
experimental
results
show
developed
ability
activate
different
sizes
(1
mm
0.5
mm)
selected
desired
trajectories.
can
stably
position
MNR
at
any
point
environment,
effectively
counteracting
gravitational
forces
while
adhering
established
safety
standards
electromagnetic
exposure
biocompatibility
regulatory
compliance.
Язык: Английский
High-Efficiency Drug Loading in Lipid Vesicles by MEMS-Driven Gigahertz Acoustic Streaming
Micromachines,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16(5), С. 562 - 562
Опубликована: Май 7, 2025
Drug
carriers
hold
significant
promise
for
precision
medicine
but
face
persistent
challenges
in
balancing
high
encapsulation
efficiency
with
structural
preservation
during
active
loading.
In
this
study,
we
present
a
microelectromechanical
system
(MEMS)-driven
platform
that
can
generate
gigahertz
(GHz)-frequency
acoustic
streaming
(1.55
GHz)
to
enable
nondestructive,
power-tunable
drug
lipid
vesicles.
Utilizing
DSPE-PEG-modified
bilayers
hydrodynamic
shear
forces,
our
method
achieves
transient
membrane
permeability
preserves
integrity
while
permitting
controlled
doxorubicin
(DOX)
influx.
We
developed
the
GHz
MEMS
and
applied
it
systematically
investigate
two
loading
strategies:
(1)
DOX
into
giant
unilamellar
vesicles
(GUVs,
>10
μm
diameter)
prior
extrusion
small
(SUVs,
100
nm)
versus
(2)
direct
pre-formed
SUVs.
The
GUV-first
approach
demonstrated
better
performance,
achieving
60.04%
±
1.55%
(EE%)
at
250
mW
power—a
5.93%
enhancement
over
SUV
(54.11%
0.72%).
Structural
analysis
via
TEM
confirmed
intact
morphology
post-loading,
power-dependent
EE%
showed
linear
trend.
This
work
bridges
gaps
nanocarrier
engineering
by
optimizing
strategies,
aiming
offer
potential
carrier
delivery
biomedical
treatment
future.
Язык: Английский
A Multifunctional Capsule-like Puncture Biopsy Robot for the Gastrointestinal System
Micromachines,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16(5), С. 589 - 589
Опубликована: Май 18, 2025
Gastrointestinal
submucosal
tumors
(SMTs)
are
difficult
to
diagnose
accurately
due
their
deep
location
and
the
limitations
of
traditional
biopsy
tools.
To
address
these
issues,
we
propose
a
multifunctional
capsule-shaped
puncture
robot
(PBR)
with
capabilities
for
tissue
sampling,
thermal
hemostasis,
multi-stage
drug
delivery.
The
PBR
measures
27
mm
in
length
13
diameter,
integrating
micro-scale
electro-permanent
magnetic
system
60-turn
dual-layer
coil
(wire
diameter:
0.6
mm)
drive
an
8
mm-depth
needle.
A
graphene–carbon
nanotube
composite
heating
film
enables
rapid
safe
temperature
elevation,
achieving
effective
hemostasis
triggering
sequential
release
using
paraffin-based
phase-change
materials.
Heating
remains
within
clinical
safety
range.
Experiments
demonstrated
successful
penetration,
precise
control,
reliable
staged
pigment
simulating
Tests
on
ex
vivo
porcine
stomach
confirmed
adaptability
irregular
gastric
surfaces.
This
compact
provides
integrated
minimally
invasive
approach
both
diagnosis
treatment
gastrointestinal
lesions.
Язык: Английский
Out‐Of‐Equilibrium Hydrogel Microrobots Exhibiting Autonomous Deformation, Controllable Autolysis, and Directed Locomotion
Small,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 23, 2025
Abstract
Access
to
multifunction‐integrated
hydrogel
microrobots
is
highly
desired
in
many
complex
application
scenarios,
yet
remains
a
challenging
task.
Here,
adaptive
out‐of‐equilibrium
exhibiting
autonomous
deformation,
controllable
autolysis,
and
directed
locomotion
response
orchestrated
chemical
physical
signals
are
reported.
These
prepared
by
crosslinking
carboxyl‐decorated
polymers
through
coumarin
dimerization.
Upon
the
addition
of
carbodiimide
as
fuel,
hydrophilic
carboxyl
groups
converted
hydrophobic
anhydrides,
leading
shrinking
microrobots.
However,
with
depletion
formed
anhydrides
spontaneously
hydrolyze
initial
groups,
thus
resulting
an
swelling
their
original
size.
Moreover,
because
efficient
photocleavage
dimers,
can
rapidly
disintegrate
(<10
min)
upon
irradiation.
With
incorporation
magnetic
powders,
these
be
guided
move
space
field.
By
virtue
seamlessly
integrated
functions,
manipulated
adaptively
narrow
terrain
release
loaded
cargo
at
target
position.
This
work
may
boost
development
lifelike
soft
robots
for
complicated
applications
ranging
from
precision
drug
delivery
non‐invasive
therapies.
Язык: Английский
Light‐Actuated, Tunable Micromachines from Photo‐Swellable Colloidal Ionogels
Small,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 29, 2025
Abstract
Active
colloids
that
release
ions
hold
potential
for
building
micromachines
capable
of
dynamically
responding
to
environmental
stimuli.
Harnessing
light
precisely
regulate
and
fine‐tune
their
performance
is
essential
unlocking
versatility
expanding
range
applications.
To
address
this
challenge,
light‐actuated,
tunable
are
developed
based
on
photo‐swellable
colloidal
ionogels—an
azobenzene‐modified
co‐polymer
microsphere
infused
with
azobenzene‐based
ionic
liquids
(Azo‐ILs)—that
undergo
reversible
cis‐trans
isomerization
under
UV/visible
light.
UV
irradiation
increases
the
ionogel's
hydrophilicity
causes
it
swell
by
H
2
O,
releasing
Azo‐ILs
into
aqueous
environments
a
rapid
photoresponse
(milliseconds),
while
visible
stops
swelling.
The
dissociated
lead
diffusiophoresis
diffusioosmosis,
enabling
two
functionalities:
isotropic
ion
from
ionogel
pumps
water
outward
exclusion
zones
up
30
µm,
anisotropic
partially
coated
microspheres
leads
micromotors
at
speeds
≈3
µm
s
−1
lifetime
≈15
min.
Importantly,
magnitude
these
interactions
modulated
intensity
azobenzene
content
in
co‐polymers.
Finite
element
Brownian
dynamics
simulations
validate
electrokinetic
mechanisms
underlying
pump
motor's
operation.
This
work
establishes
platform
designing
potentially
useful
fluid
manipulation,
drug
delivery,
soft
robotics.
Язык: Английский