Frontiers in Nanotechnology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 7
Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2025
High atomic number (high-Z) metal nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as transformative radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy, offering the potential to amplify tumor-specific radiation effects while sparing healthy tissues. However, clinical translation of these NPs is hindered by inconsistent methodologies for quantifying dose enhancement and a limited understanding how biological complexity influences therapeutic outcomes. This review systematically evaluates current metrics assessing high-Z NP-mediated radiosensitization, including physical factors (DEF), sensitizer ratios (SER), survival fraction (SF), DNA damage biomarkers. We critically analyze interplay between NP properties, parameters, tumor microenvironment (TME) dynamics, emphasizing hypoxia, immune suppression, stromal barriers modulate efficacy. A key innovation proposal multidimensional Radiosensitization Index (RSI), integrating deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) kinetics, repair inhibition, reprogramming, endpoints. further highlight translational challenges such toxicity, batch-to-batch variability, discordance vitro vivo models, underscoring need standardized protocols advanced 3D/organoid platforms. By bridging radiobiology, nanotechnology, practice, this work provides roadmap optimizing NP-enhanced radiotherapy accelerating its integration into precision oncology.
Язык: Английский