The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status

Military Medical Research, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 7(1)

Опубликована: Март 13, 2020

Abstract An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared COVID-19 epidemic public health emergency of international concern. The emergence SARS-CoV-2, since severe syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002 Middle East (MERS-CoV) 2012, marked third introduction highly pathogenic large-scale into human population twenty-first century. As 1 March total 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 7169 outside China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported WHO. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, identical genome bat coronavirus, pointing natural host. uses same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV, mainly spreads through tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along many exported across globe. clinical symptoms patients include fever, cough, fatigue small appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms. elderly people underlying diseases are susceptible prone serious outcomes, which may be associated distress (ARDS) cytokine storm. Currently, there few specific antiviral strategies, but potent candidates antivirals repurposed drugs under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized latest progress epidemiology, pathogenesis, characteristics COVID-19, discussed current treatment scientific advancements combat coronavirus.

Язык: Английский

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Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China

PEDIATRICS, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 145(6)

Опубликована: Март 16, 2020

To identify the epidemiological characteristics and transmission patterns of pediatric patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China.Nationwide case series 2135 COVID-19 reported to Chinese Center for Disease Control Prevention from January 16, 2020, February 8, were included. The epidemic curves constructed by key dates onset diagnosis. Onset-to-diagnosis fitting a log-normal distribution data on both diagnosis dates.There 728 (34.1%) laboratory-confirmed cases 1407 (65.9%) suspected cases. median age all was 7 years (interquartile range: 2-13 years), 1208 (56.6%) boys. More than 90% had asymptomatic, mild, or moderate time illness diagnoses 2 days (range: 0-42 days). There rapid increase at early stage epidemic, then there gradual steady decrease. rapidly spread Hubei province surrounding provinces over time. children infected any other province.Children ages appeared susceptible COVID-19, no significant sex difference. Although clinical manifestations children's generally less severe those adult patients, young children, particularly infants, vulnerable infection. varied space, most concentrated areas. Furthermore, this study provides strong evidence human-to-human transmission.

Язык: Английский

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Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold

JAMA, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 323(8), С. 707 - 707

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2020

In this Viewpoint Anthony Fauci and colleagues review the emergence of pathogenic human coronaviruses (SARS-Cov MERS-CoV) as background for discussing a rapidly spreading novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) identified in 2019 China public health strategies necessary to contain threat.

Язык: Английский

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Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2

Cell Discovery, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Март 16, 2020

Abstract Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and 2019 novel (2019-nCoV, also known as SARS-CoV-2), lead global epidemics with high morbidity mortality. However, there are currently no effective drugs targeting 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Drug repurposing, representing an drug discovery strategy from existing drugs, could shorten the time reduce cost compared to de novo discovery. In this study, we present integrative, antiviral repurposing methodology implementing a systems pharmacology-based network medicine platform, quantifying interplay between HCoV–host interactome targets in human protein–protein interaction network. Phylogenetic analyses of 15 HCoV whole genomes reveal that 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 shares highest nucleotide sequence identity SARS-CoV (79.7%). Specifically, envelope nucleocapsid proteins two evolutionarily conserved regions, having identities 96% 89.6%, respectively, SARS-CoV. Using proximity interactions interactome, prioritize 16 potential anti-HCoV repurposable (e.g., melatonin, mercaptopurine, sirolimus) further validated by enrichment drug-gene signatures HCoV-induced transcriptomics data cell lines. We identify three combinations sirolimus plus dactinomycin, mercaptopurine toremifene emodin) captured “ Complementary Exposure ” pattern: both hit subnetwork, but target separate neighborhoods summary, study offers powerful network-based methodologies for rapid identification candidate

Язык: Английский

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Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19

Viruses, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 12(4), С. 372 - 372

Опубликована: Март 27, 2020

The outbreak of emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China has been brought to global attention and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Scientific advancements since (SARS) 2002~2003 Middle East (MERS) 2012 have accelerated our understanding epidemiology pathogenesis SARS-CoV-2 development therapeutics treat viral infection. As no specific vaccines are available for control, epidemic COVID-19 is posing great threat public health. To provide comprehensive summary health authorities potential readers worldwide, we detail present introduce current state measures this review.

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease

International Journal of Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 16(10), С. 1753 - 1766

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected 80,000 in China elsewhere the world, resulting catastrophe for humans.Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which SARS thousands 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from bats causes similar symptoms through a mechanism.However, COVID-19 lower severity mortality than but is much more transmissive affects elderly individuals youth men women.In response rapidly increasing number publications on emerging disease, this article attempts provide timely comprehensive review swiftly developing research subject.We will cover basics about epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevention disease.Although many questions still require answers, we hope that helps understanding eradication threatening disease.

Язык: Английский

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Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2

Clinica Chimica Acta, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 509, С. 280 - 287

Опубликована: Июнь 10, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 11

Опубликована: Авг. 7, 2020

After the 1918 flu pandemic, world is again facing a similar situation. However, advancement in medical science has made it possible to identify that novel infectious agent from coronavirus family. Rapid genome sequencing by various groups helped predicting structure and function of virus, immunogenicity diverse populations its preventive measures. Coronavirus attacks respiratory system causing pneumonia lymphopenia infected individuals. Viral components like spike, nucleo-capsid proteins trigger an immune response host eliminate virus. These viral antigens can be either recognized B cells or presented MHC complexes T resulting antibody production, increased cytokine secretion cytolytic activity acute phase infection. Association HLA downregulated expression been correlated with disease severity against influenza coronaviruses. Studies have reported individuals after recovery induce strong protective responses generating memory cell pool SARS-CoV MERS-CoV. were not persistent for long term upon reactivation caused local damages due cross-reactivity. So far reports suggest SARS-CoV-2, which highly contagious shows related symptoms 3 different stages develops exhaustive higher loads As there are no specific treatments available this coronavirus, numerous small molecular drugs being used treatment diseases SARS, MERS, HIV, ebola, malaria tuberculosis under clinical trials controlling COVID-19. A classical immunotherapy convalescent plasma transfusion recovered patients also initiated neutralization viremia terminally ill COVID-19 patients. Due limitations transfusion, researchers now focusing on developing neutralizing antibodies virus particles along immuno-modulation cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α interferons could help combating This review highlights similarities SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-2 relation their pathogenicity focuses strategies employed curing

Язык: Английский

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Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections?

Frontiers in Physiology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2021

The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 causing the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ravaged world with over 72 million total cases and 1.6 deaths worldwide as of early December 2020. An overwhelming preponderance is observed within elderly population, especially in those pre-existing conditions comorbidities. Aging causes numerous biological changes immune system, which are linked to age-related illnesses susceptibility infectious diseases. Age-related influence host response therefore not only weaken ability fight infections but also mount effective responses vaccines. Immunosenescence inflamm-aging considered key features aging system wherein accumulation senescent cells contribute its decline simultaneously increased inflammatory phenotypes cause dysfunction. quantitative qualitative affect soluble mediators both innate adaptive lymphoid non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. These determine infections, progression clinical outcomes thereafter. Furthermore, therapeutics vaccines influenced by system. Therefore, better understanding pathophysiology will help understand diseases guide targeted management strategies for deadly like COVID-19.

Язык: Английский

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Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 98(1), С. 115094 - 115094

Опубликована: Май 30, 2020

Язык: Английский

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