This
study
tested
whether
isotope
measurements
of
surface
water
and
dissolved
constituents
in
could
be
used
as
tracers
non-point
source
pollution.
Oxygen-18
was
a
tracer,
while
carbon-14,
carbon-13,
deuterium
were
DOC.
Carbon-14
carbon-13
also
inorganic
carbon,
chlorine-36
uranium
isotopes
other
salts.
In
addition,
large
databases
quality
assembled
for
the
Missouri
River
at
St.
Louis
Sacramento-San
Joaquin
Delta
California
to
enhance
interpretive
results
measurements.
Much
data
has
been
under-interpreted
provides
valuable
resource
investigative
research,
which
this
report
exploits
integrates
with
Bioremediation
has
been
recognized
as
an
effective
method
to
treat
petroleum
hydrocarbon
pollutants.
However,
the
biodegradation
of
crude
oil
contaminated
sludge
could
be
a
time-consuming
and
low-efficiency
process.
One
reasons
is
that
hydrocarbons
in
are
unavailable
for
utilization
by
microorganisms.
Surfactants
have
potential
increase
bioavailability
such
pollutants
due
their
capability
reducing
surface
interfacial
tension
increasing
solubility
water.
In
this
study,
production
biological
surfactants
during
bioremediation
was
observed
using
measurement
method,
would
provide
valuable
information
developing
The
addition
two
different
chemical
(Igepal
CO-630
Cedephos
FA-600)
biosurfactant
(Rhamnolipids)
were
tested
laboratory
respirometer,
effects
on
total
(TPH)
refinery
investigated.
All
found
improving
microbial
growth
at
low
concentration.
Igepal
400
mg/kg,
FA-600
mg/kg
Rhamnolipids
200
most
reduction
TPH
(C10-C50)
compared
control
sample
without
any
surfactants.
Better
oxygen
availability
soils
with
enhances
both
samples
when
surfactant
concentrations
optimized.
--P.i.
Surfactant
based
processes
are
emerging
and
becoming
increasingly
important
in
pollution
control.
A
novel
predispersed
solvent
extraction
(PDSE)
technique
using
surfactant
colloidal
liquid
aphrons
(CLAs
or
polyaphrons)
gas
(CGAs)
for
the
removal
of
hydrophobic
organic
compounds
(HOCs)
from
aqueous
phase
was
studied.
The
process
involves
an
HOCs
into
CLAs,
followed
by
a
flotation
CGAs.
Polyaphrons
were
characterized
particle
size
analyzer.
distribution
found
to
be
bimodal.
effects
types,
concentrations
storage
times
on
have
long
shelf-lives
dynamically
very
stable
when
dispersed
water.
Flotation
polyaphrons
deduced
result
electrostatic
forces
between
CGAs
polyaphrons.
Semibatch
PDSE
experiments
showed
that
efficiency
dye
(Solvent
Red
27)
depended
not
only
duration
but
also
retention
time
after
flotation.
mathematical
model
continuous
countercurrent
developed
tested
experimental
data.
predicted
is
function
flowrates
relative
feed
water
flowrate,
partition
coefficient
solute,
sizes
CGAs,
attachment
at
expense
residual
surfactants
effluent
Therefore,
batch
shaker-flask
conducted
study
aerobic
biodegradation
surfactant-laden
wastewater
collected
local
Superfund
site.
Results
four
commercial
linear
primary
alkyl
sulphates
(sodium
dodecyl
sulfate,
SDS)
alcohol
ethoxylates
(Witconol)
exhibited
better
potential
than
alkylbenzenesulfonates
dodecylbenzenesulfonate,
SDBS)
secondary
(Tergitol).
Increased
above
critical
micellar
(CMCs)
inhibitory
effects,
lower
biodegradability
foam
degradation.
plant
natural
(Ritha)
performed
terms
CMC,
poorer
indicated
HOC
nutrient-limiting.
Addition
enhanced
HOCs.
This
study
tested
whether
isotope
measurements
of
surface
water
and
dissolved
constituents
in
could
be
used
as
tracers
non-point
source
pollution.
Oxygen-18
was
a
tracer,
while
carbon-14,
carbon-13,
deuterium
were
DOC.
Carbon-14
carbon-13
also
inorganic
carbon,
chlorine-36
uranium
isotopes
other
salts.
In
addition,
large
databases
quality
assembled
for
the
Missouri
River
at
St.
Louis
Sacramento-San
Joaquin
Delta
California
to
enhance
interpretive
results
measurements.
Much
data
has
been
under-interpreted
provides
valuable
resource
investigative
research,
which
this
report
exploits
integrates
with
