Biomedical Research and Therapy,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
8(3), С. 4243 - 4257
Опубликована: Март 31, 2021
Background:
Diabetes
mellitus
(DM)
is
a
metabolic
disorder
that
characterized
by
hyperglycemia
and
glucose
intolerance,
which
associated
with
impaired
insulin
secretion
peripheral
sensitivity
eventual
b-cell
dysfunction.
This
review
summarized
the
major
pathways
leading
to
both
microvascular
macrovascular
complications
in
DM,
view
of
highlighting
enzymes
involved
possible
inhibition
facilitating
these
processes
as
measure
diabetic
control.
Methods:
Data
used
writing
this
were
sourced
online
from
scientific
search
engines
such
Google
Scholar,
Scopus,
EMBASE,
PubMed,
ResearchGate,
Mendeley,
Medline,
SpringerLink,
using
keywords
'diabetic
complications',
'hyperglycemia-induced
mechanisms',
enzymes'
enzyme
inhibitors'.
A
total
number
109
references
published
between
1990
2020
generated
cited
review.
Results:
The
most
scourging
dilapidating
effects
DM
well
vascular
are
classified
into
four
categories
viz.:
nephropathy,
retinopathy,
neuropathy
cardiovascular
disease.
Hyperglycemia,
uncontrolled
elicits
abnormal
metabolism
events
expressed
amplified.
disorders
linked
various
facilitated
activities
polyol
pathway,
hexosamine
biosynthetic
autoxidation
increased
synthesis
advanced
glycation
end-products
(AGEs),
hexokinase-2
driven
glycolytic
overload,
cyclooxygenase
(COX),
lipoxygenase
(LOX)
pyruvate
kinase
(PKC)
enzymes.
could
serve
mitigate
arrest
complications.
Conclusion:
Thus,
suitable
inhibitors
for
panaceas
against
complications,
will
add
growing
list
new
more
efficacious
antidiabetic
drugs.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
93(1), С. 137 - 188
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2013
It
is
increasingly
apparent
that
not
only
a
cure
for
the
current
worldwide
diabetes
epidemic
required,
but
also
its
major
complications,
affecting
both
small
and
large
blood
vessels.
These
complications
occur
in
majority
of
individuals
with
type
1
2
diabetes.
Among
most
prevalent
microvascular
are
kidney
disease,
blindness,
amputations,
therapies
slowing
disease
progression.
Impaired
function,
exhibited
as
reduced
glomerular
filtration
rate,
risk
factor
macrovascular
such
heart
attacks
strokes.
There
have
been
number
new
tested
clinical
trials
diabetic
with,
general,
rather
disappointing
results.
Indeed,
it
remains
to
be
fully
defined
which
pathways
essentially
protective
than
pathological,
terms
their
effects
on
underlying
process.
Furthermore,
seemingly
independent
showing
significant
interactions
each
other
exacerbate
pathology.
Interestingly,
some
these
may
play
key
roles
development
per
se.
This
review
aims
comprehensively
discuss
well
validated,
putative
mechanisms
involved
complications.
In
addition,
fields
research,
warrant
further
investigation
potential
therapeutic
targets
future,
will
highlighted.
Diabetes Care,
Год журнала:
2014,
Номер
37(10), С. 2843 - 2863
Опубликована: Авг. 12, 2014
Despite
the
known
higher
risk
of
cardiovascular
disease
(CVD)
in
individuals
with
type
1
diabetes
mellitus
(T1DM),
pathophysiology
underlying
relationship
between
events,
CVD
factors,
and
T1DM
is
not
well
understood.
Management
approaches
to
reduction
have
been
extrapolated
large
part
from
experience
2
(T2DM),
despite
longer
duration
than
T2DM
important
differences
pathophysiology.
Furthermore,
phenotype
changing.
As
a
result
findings
Diabetes
Control
Complications
Trial
(DCCT),
which
compared
intensive
glycemic
control
usual
care,
its
follow-up
observational
study,
Epidemiology
Interventions
(EDIC),
management
(DM)
has
become
standard
care
led
increasing
longevity.
However,
our
understanding
comes
previous
era
less
control.
More
associated
significant
weight
gain,
may
be
magnified
by
obesity
epidemic.
There
growing
interest
better
adverse
effects
glycemia,
prevalence
lipid
abnormalities
T1DM,
prognostic
role
albuminuria
renal
insufficiency,
blood
pressure
(BP)
CVD.
Obesity-associated
metabolic
such
as
proinflammatory
state
likely
modify
T1DM;
however,
effect
different
what
seen
T2DM.
These
concepts,
how
they
affect
management,
fully
explored.
The
present
review
will
focus
on
importance
patients
T1DM.
We
summarize
recent
observations
potential
T2DM,
particularly
regard
atherosclerosis.
explore
implications
these
concepts
for
treatment
factors
…
Journal of the American Heart Association,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(2)
Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2024
Albuminuria,
an
established
biomarker
of
the
progression
chronic
kidney
disease,
is
also
recognized
as
a
for
risk
cardiovascular
disease.
Elevated
urinary
albumin
excretion
indicates
damage
and
systemic
vascular
including
myocardial
capillary
disease
arterial
stiffness.
Albuminuria
associated
with
increased
coronary
artery
stroke,
heart
failure,
arrhythmias,
microvascular
There
are
now
several
therapeutic
agents
that
can
lead
to
albuminuria
lowering
reduction
in
risk.
However,
screening
still
low.
Considering
importance
multidisciplinary
management
patients
it
crucial
health
care
professionals
managing
such
aware
benefits
surveillance
management.
Communications Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
4(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2024
Abstract
Background
Precision
medicine
has
the
potential
to
improve
cardiovascular
disease
(CVD)
risk
prediction
in
individuals
with
Type
2
diabetes
(T2D).
Methods
We
conducted
a
systematic
review
and
meta-analysis
of
longitudinal
studies
identify
potentially
novel
prognostic
factors
that
may
CVD
T2D.
Out
9380
identified,
416
met
inclusion
criteria.
Outcomes
were
reported
for
321
biomarker
studies,
48
genetic
marker
47
score/model
studies.
Results
all
evaluated
biomarkers,
only
13
showed
improvement
performance.
pooled
meta-analyses,
non-pooled
analyses,
assessments
performance
bias,
yielded
highest
predictive
utility
N-terminal
pro
b-type
natriuretic
peptide
(NT-proBNP)
(high-evidence),
troponin-T
(TnT)
(moderate-evidence),
triglyceride-glucose
(TyG)
index
Genetic
Risk
Score
Coronary
Heart
Disease
(GRS-CHD)
(moderate-evidence);
moderate
coronary
computed
tomography
angiography
(low-evidence),
single-photon
emission
pulse
wave
velocity
low
C-reactive
protein
artery
calcium
score
galectin-3
troponin-I
carotid
plaque
growth
differentiation
factor-15
(low-evidence).
scores
modest
discrimination,
lower
populations
different
from
original
development
cohort.
Conclusions
Despite
high
interest
this
topic,
very
few
rigorous
analyses
demonstrate
incremental
beyond
established
The
most
promising
markers
identified
NT-proBNP,
TnT,
TyG
GRS-CHD,
strength
evidence
NT-proBNP.
Further
research
is
needed
determine
their
clinical
stratification
management
