Abstract
Objective
Multi-drug
resistance
(MDR)
has
notably
increased
in
community
acquired
uropathogens
causing
urinary
tract
infections
(UTIs),
predominantly
Escherichia
coli
.
Uropathogenic
E.
causes
80%
of
uncomplicated
UTIs,
particularly
pre-menopausal
women.
Considering
this
high
prevalence
and
the
potential
to
spread
antimicrobial
resistant
genes,
current
study
was
conducted
investigate
presence
clinically
important
strains
Pakistani
women
having
cystitis
pyelonephritis.
Women
belonging
low-income
groups
were
exclusively
included
study.
Seventy-four
isolates
from
urine
samples
processed,
phylotyped,
screened
for
two
Single
Nucleotide
Polymorphisms
(SNPs)
associated
with
a
clonal
group
A
(CgA)
followed
by
antibiotic
susceptibility
testing
genome
sequence
analysis.
Results
Phylogroup
B2
most
prevalent
patients
44%
positive
CgA
specific
SNPs
Fumarate
hydratase
DNA
gyrase
subunit
B
genes.
Antibiotic
showed
widespread
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
extended-spectrum
beta-lactamase
production.
The
infection
analysis
revealed
phylogroup
be
more
pathogenic
as
compared
other
groups.
strain
U17
genes
encoding
virulence,
multidrug
resistance,
host
colonization
mechanisms.
Conclusions
Our
research
findings
not
only
validate
significant
occurrence
multidrug-resistant
premenopausal
suffering
pyelonephritis
but
also
reveal
withvirulence,
drug
efflux
pumps.
detection
highly
pathogenic,
antimicrobial-resistant
is
likely
help
understanding
epidemiology
pathogen
may
ultimately
reduce
impact
these
on
human
health.
Furthermore,
will
UTIs
cost
their
treatment
Dalton Transactions,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Photoactive
complexes
of
bioessential
3d
metals,
activable
within
the
phototherapeutic
window
(650-900
nm),
have
gained
widespread
interest
due
to
their
therapeutic
potential.
Herein,
we
report
synthesis,
characterization,
and
light-enhanced
anticancer
antibacterial
properties
four
new
dinuclear
Co(II)
complexes:
[Co(phen)(cat)]2
(Co-1),
[Co(dppz)(cat)]2
(Co-2),
[Co(phen)(esc)]2
(Co-3),
[Co(dppz)(esc)]2
(Co-4).
In
these
complexes,
phen
(1,10-phenanthroline)
dppz
(dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine)
act
as
neutral
N,N-donor
ligands,
while
cat2-
esc2-
serve
O,O-donor
catecholate
ligands
derived
from
catechol
(1,2-dihydroxybenzene)
esculetin
(6,7-dihydroxy
coumarin).
Their
high-spin
paramagnetic
nature
dimeric
identity
in
solution
were
confirmed
by
magnetic
susceptibility,
UV-visible,
emission,
mass
spectral
data.
Co-1-Co-4
exhibited
an
absorption
band
600-850
nm
range,
originating
a
charge
transfer
transition.
The
electrically
demonstrated
sufficient
stability
both
dark
under
irradiated
conditions.
Co-2
Co-4
notable
toxicity
towards
A549
lung
carcinoma
cells,
with
potency
increasing
significantly
brief
(5
min)
exposure
660
(red)
808
(NIR)
laser
light
(IC50
∼
8.9
14.9
μM).
Notably,
normal
NIH-3T3
fibroblast
cells
was
minimal.
Cellular
assays
highlighted
that
induced
cell
death
followed
apoptotic
pathway,
primarily
mitochondrial
damage.
also
significant
against
Gram-(+)
S.
aureus
Gram-(-)
P.
aeruginosa,
effectiveness
enhanced
upon
irradiation
(MIC
15-142
increase
efficacies
attributed
generation
cytotoxic
singlet
oxygen
(1O2)
species
red/NIR
exposure.
NIR
produced
more
pronounced
effects
compared
nm.
This
study
is
first
on
cobalt
exhibiting
red
light-triggered
enhancement
activities,
illuminating
path
for
development
long-wavelength
absorbing
efficacy.
International Journal of Nanomedicine,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
Volume 20, С. 523 - 540
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Antibiotic
resistance
of
many
bacteria,
including
Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus
(MRSA),
has
become
a
major
threat
to
global
health.
Zinc
Oxide
Quantum
dots
(ZnO-QDs)
show
good
antibacterial
activity,
but
most
them
are
insoluble
in
water,
limiting
their
application
range,
and
there
is
lack
research
on
drug
inducement.
The
water-soluble
zinc
oxide
quantum
modified
by
APTES
(ZnO@APTES
QDs)
were
prepared
microwave
assisted
synthesis.
Then
ZnO@APTES
QDs
characterized
through
various
methods.
After
confirmation
synthesized
QDs,
its
bactericidal
effect
MRSA
was
detected
vitro
vivo
experiments,
mechanism
action
analyzed.
Characterization
analysis
revealed
that
the
have
particle
size
5
nm.
minimum
inhibitory
concentrations
(MIC)
determined
be
64
µg
mL-1
for
Escherichia
coli
(E.
coli)
32
MRSA.
showed
significant
inhibition
biofilm
formation
effectively
disrupted
mature
biofilms.
Notably,
did
not
induce
tolerance
or
even
after
30
days
repeated
exposure,
whereas
antibiotics
led
rise
bacterial
MIC
within
3
60-fold
increase
days.
Mechanistic
indicated
positively
charged
interact
with
surfaces,
altering
membrane
fluidity.
Once
inside
generate
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
causing
DNA
damage
cell
death.
Moreover,
possessed
biocompatibility
demonstrated
therapeutic
efficacy
against
drug-resistant
infections
both
macrophage
mouse
wound
infection
models.
In
summary,
we
highly
effective
shows
strong
other
bacteria.
holds
potential
development
as
new
treatment
agent
combating
antibiotic-resistant
infections.
JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
6(1)
Опубликована: Дек. 28, 2023
Abstract
Antibiotic
failure
is
one
of
the
most
worrisome
threats
to
global
health.
Among
new
therapeutic
efforts
that
are
being
explored,
use
bacteriophages
(viruses
kill
bacteria),
also
known
as
‘phages’,
extensively
studied
a
strategy
target
bacterial
pathogens.
However,
main
drawbacks
phage
therapy
plethora
defence
mechanisms
bacteria
defend
themselves
against
phages.
This
review
aims
summarize
approaches
evaluated
overcome
systems,
including
innovative
applied:
circumvention
receptor
mutations;
modification
prophages;
targeting
CRISPR-Cas
systems
and
biofilm
matrix;
engineering
safer
more
efficacious
phages;
inhibition
anti-persister
strategies
used
by
bacteria.
Health Science Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
6(8)
Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2023
As
the
world
struggles
to
recover
from
recent
COVID
pandemic,
antimicrobial
resistance
(AMR)
is
proving
be
a
new
threat
human
health,
food
security,
and
economic
development.
According
World
Health
Organization
(WHO),
multidrug-resistant
pathogens/superbugs
are
considered
serious
worldwide.
The
Interagency
Coordinating
Group
on
AMR
has
estimated
that
by
2050,
mortality
rate
due
may
increase,
with
an
annual
death
of
approximately
10
million
people.
term
multidrug
resistant
pathogens
refers
those
bacteria,
viruses,
fungi,
or
parasites
become
standard
treatment
no
longer
respond
inappropriate
use
drugs,
consumption
unhygienic
food,
poor
sanitary
conditions,
infection
prevention,
so
forth.1
rapid
emergence
newly
evolved
mechanisms
low
efficacy
drugs/treatments
against
repeated
microbial
infections
lead
prolonged
illness,
high
health
care
costs,
worsening
disease,
increased
risk
death.
In
last
few
decades,
most
infectious
agents
such
as
have
developed
levels
morbidity
therefore
referred
"superbugs."
Usually,
superbugs
natural
phenomenon,
however
increases
in
immunodeficient
like
diabetes,
severe
burn
patients,
HIV
infection,
organ
transplant
recipients,
forth.
list
published
WHO
several
types
bacteria
rapidly
developing
antibiotics
these
been
categorized
into
three
priority
groups
including
Acinetobacter
baumannii
(carbapenem
resistant),
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Enterobacteriaceae
Extended-spectrum
beta-lactamases
producing
1
pathogens;
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
(cephalosporin
fluoroquinolone
Enterococcus
faecium
(vancomycin
nontyphoidal
Salmonella
(fluoroquinolones
Staphylococcus
aureus
(methicillin
vancomycin
Helicobacter
pylori
(clarithromycin
Campylobacter
spp.
(fluoroquinolone
resistant)
2
Haemophilus
influenzae
(ampicillin
Shigella
species
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
(penicillin
3
(https://www.who.int/en/news-room/detail/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed;
Accessed
07/Nov/2022).
Along
them,
Klebsiella
(carbapenems
cephalosporin
Escherichia
coli
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
(fluoroquinolone,
rifampicin,
isoniazid
showed
highest
rates.
Infections
caused
fungal
growth
treated
antifungal
drugs
Deoxyribonucleic
Ribonucleic
acid
synthesis
inhibitors
(flucytosine),
azole
derivatives
(itraconazole,
voriconazole,
ketoconazole,
fluconazole),
1,3-β-glucan
synthase
(echinocandins),
polyene
macrolides
(amphotericin
B),
although
strains
Trichosporon
beigelii,
Aspergillus
spp.,
Cryptococcus
neoformans,
Candida
Scopulariopsis
forth,
gained
drugs.2
Parasitic
Leishmania,
Entamoeba,
Plasmodia,
Toxoplasma
gondiischi,
Trichomonas
vaginalis
amphotericin
B,
artemisinin,
miltefosine,
paromomycin,
chloroquine,
pyrimethamine.1
Due
extensive
constant
viral
replication,
many
viruses
also
drug
over
years,
herpes
simplex
virus,
hepatitis
B
C
influenza
A
HIV,
cytomegalovirus,
varicella-zoster
SARS-CoV-2,
raising
concern
antiviral
immunocompromised
patients.3-6
These
capable
causing
percentage
hospital
acquired
can
turn
common
pneumonia,
bloodstream
infections,
urinary
tract
fatal
diseases
deadly
patients.
COVID-19
which
spread
uncontrollably
different
parts
world,
reported
up
532
positive
cases,
6
deaths
worldwide,
till
June
2022.7
Although,
it
seems
we
winning
battle
COVID,
believed
future
will
face
related
issues
this
pandemic.
One
biggest
excessive
increased,
now
diseases.8-10
some
mild
cases
COVID-19,
observed
there
increase
vulnerability
patients
illness
co-infection
pathogenic
microbes.11,
12
Posterarao
et
al.13
diabetes
mellitus
(type
2)
suffered
glabrata
other
fungi.
Another
report
suggests
strain
fumigatus
worsened
condition
suffering
acute
infection.14
Cebeci
Kahraman
al.15
cutaneous
systemic
adverse
reactions
vaccinated
Turkey
region.
study
included
2290
Pfizer/BioNTech
(BNT162b2)
Sinovac/CoronaVac
(inactivated
SARS-CoV2)
vaccines,
result
zoster,
anaphylaxis,
triggered
autoimmunity
appeared
CoronaVac
vaccine.15
another
Vinayagamoorthy
al.16
revealed
invasive
medical
measures
disease
itself
make
them
more
susceptible
auris.
Although
techniques
approaches
bio-nanotechnology
approaches,
polymeric
biomaterials
products,
combinational
years
combat
various
AMR.17
Natural
products
extensively
researched
pathogens.
Geraniol,
neral,
1,8-cineole,
camphene,
alpha-curcumene
beta-phellandrene
isolated
Zingiber
officinale
shown
antibacterial
properties
18
pathogens.18
Lariciresinol
berberine
Z.
significant
activity
enterica
serovar
typhimurium.19
Phenols
flavonoids
obtained
Vernonia
auriculifera
Hiern
E.
coli,
Enterobacter
aerogenes,
K.
pneumoniae,
P.
S.
aureus.20
Pleuromutilin,
azamulin,
valnemulin,
tiamulin
reptapamulin
Methicillin-resistant
aureus.21
addition,
metal
oxide
nanoparticles
activity.
Aunkor
al.22
graphene
nanosheet
superbug
Roy
al.23
prominent
photothermal
therapy
superbugs.
Zinc
prepared
fruits
leaves
Limonia
acidissima
pneumonia'
Shigella,
Streptococus,
staphylococcus
paratyphi.24
Silver
synthesized
Aloe
vera
aureus,
pseudomonas,
A.
strains.25
Over
time,
sharp
reduction
approval
antimicrobials.
Dalbavancin,
oritavancin,
meropenem
vaborbactam,
eravacycline,
pretomanid,
cefiderocol,
plazomicin,
delafloxacin
tedizolid
recently
approved
antibiotics.26
under
development
fosmanogepix,
tetrazoles
(VT-1129,
1161,
1598),
Aureobasidin
A,
F901318,
T-2307,
VL-2397.27
2020
only
52
compounds
were
preclinical
clinical
trials,
even
terrifying
fact
just
32
for
treating
pathogens.28
Cefiderocol,
probenecid,
durlobactam,
murepavadin,
cestobiprole,
example
antibiotic
effective
pathogens.17
Presently,
vaccines
trial,
likely
available
upcoming
but
meanwhile
help
control
preventive
measures,
reduce
number
active
include
proper
hygiene
practices,
appropriate
sanitation
protective
must
taken
avoid
transmission
strains.
Antimicrobial
should
prescribed
judiciously
unnecessary
length
broad-spectrum
avoided.
awareness
both
physician
patient
regarding
suppress
rise
Both
countries
follow
certain
rules
regulations
prevent
wasteful
marketing.
highly
feed
animals
chicken,
pig,
fish
investigated,
they
directly
develop
humans.
consume
good
healthy
nutrient
vitamin
content
boost
immunity
naturally.
conclusion,
know
therapies
multiple
pipeline.
seen
consequences
take
lessons
prepare
ourselves
nano-particles
based
formulations,
biomaterial
vaccine
technology
alternatives
treat
Additionally,
consuming
combating
AMR.
Sakshi
Painuli:
Conceptualization;
data
curation;
formal
analysis;
software;
validation;
visualization;
writing—original
draft;
writing—review
editing.
Prabhakar
Semwal:
Formal
investigation;
supervision;
Rohit
Sharma:
Data
Shopnil
Akash:
Validation;
authors
declare
conflict
interest.
All
used
support
findings
article.
