The Neuropsychology of Anxiety

Oxford University Press eBooks, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Май 7, 2024

Abstract The Neuropsychology of Anxiety first appeared in 1982 as the volume Oxford Psychology Series, and it quickly established itself classic work on subject. It second edition (appearing 2000) have been cited at a steadily increasing rate passing 500/year 2017. field has continued to expand last quarter century necessitating this third edition. This completely updated revised (with many figures converted colour) retains original core concepts while expanding often simplifying details. includes new chapter prefrontal cortex, which integrates frontal hippocampal views anxiety an extensively modified personality providing basis for further developments Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. book is essential postgraduate students researchers experimental psychology neuroscience, well all clinical psychologists psychiatrists.

Язык: Английский

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Roles of the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in major depression and its treatment

Molecular Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 29(4), С. 914 - 928

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2024

Язык: Английский

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The prefrontal cortex: from monkey to man

Brain, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 147(3), С. 794 - 815

Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2023

Abstract The prefrontal cortex is so important to human beings that, if deprived of it, our behaviour reduced action-reactions and automatisms, with no ability make deliberate decisions. Why does the hold such importance in humans? In answer, this review draws on proximity between humans other primates, which enables us, through comparative anatomical-functional analysis, understand cognitive functions we have common specify those that distinguish from their closest cousins. First, a focus lateral region illustrates existence continuum rhesus monkeys (the most studied primates neuroscience) for major brain plays central role. This involves presence elementary mental operations monkey (e.g. working memory or response inhibition) are constitutive ‘macro-functions’ as planning, problem-solving even language production. Second, has developed dramatically compared primates. increase seems concern anterior part frontopolar cortex). humans, development associated three interrelated changes: (i) greater capacity, allowing integration past experiences prospective futures; (ii) capacity link discontinuous distant data, whether temporal semantic; (iii) abstraction, classify knowledge different ways, engage analogical reasoning acquire abstract values give rise beliefs morals. Together, these new skills enable among things, develop highly sophisticated social interactions based language, enabling us conceive moral judgements conceptualize, create extend vision environment beyond what can physically grasp. Finally, model transition non-human concludes review.

Язык: Английский

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Two what, two where, visual cortical streams in humans

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 160, С. 105650 - 105650

Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2024

ROLLS, E. T. Two What, Where, Visual Cortical Streams in Humans. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 2024. Recent cortical connectivity investigations lead to new concepts about 'What' and 'Where' visual streams humans, how they connect other systems. A ventrolateral stream leads the inferior temporal cortex for object face identity, provides information hippocampal episodic memory system, anterior lobe semantic orbitofrontal emotion system. superior sulcus (STS) utilising from parietal responds moving objects faces, expression, connects social behaviour. ventromedial builds feature combinations scenes, inputs via parahippocampal scene area system that are also useful landmark-based navigation. The dorsal pathway actions space, but coordinate transforms provide self-motion update of locations scenes dark or when view is obscured.

Язык: Английский

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A theory of hippocampal function: New developments

Progress in Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 238, С. 102636 - 102636

Опубликована: Июнь 2, 2024

We develop further here the only quantitative theory of storage information in hippocampal episodic memory system and its recall back to neocortex. The is upgraded account for a revolution understanding spatial representations primate, including human, hippocampus, that go beyond place where individual located, location being viewed scene. This fundamental much primate navigation: functions supported humans by pathways build 'where' view feature combinations ventromedial visual cortical stream, separate from those 'what' object face inferior temporal cortex, reward orbitofrontal cortex. Key new computational developments include capacity CA3 attractor network storing whole charts space; how correlations inherent self-organizing continuous impact capacity; can combine discrete representations; roles rewards reach hippocampus later consolidation into long-term part via cholinergic cortex; ways analysing neocortical using Potts networks.

Язык: Английский

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Improving brain health via the central executive network

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2025

Abstract Cognitive and physical stress have significant effects on brain health, particularly through their influence the central executive network (CEN). The CEN, which includes regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex inferior parietal lobe, is to managing demands of cognitively challenging motor tasks. Acute can temporarily reduce connectivity within leading impaired cognitive function emotional states. However a rebound in these states often follows, driven by motivational signals mesocortical mesolimbic pathways, help sustain inhibitory control task execution. Chronic exposure challenges leads long‐term improvements CEN functionality. These changes are supported neurochemical, structural systemic adaptations, including mechanisms tissue crosstalk. Myokines, adipokines, anti‐inflammatory cytokines gut‐derived metabolites contribute biochemical environment that enhances neuroplasticity, reduces neuroinflammation supports neurotransmitters serotonin dopamine. processes strengthen connectivity, improve self‐regulation enable individuals adopt health‐optimizing behaviours. Long‐term activity not only but also risk age‐related decline neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights role progressive exercise practical approach strengthening promoting offering strategy resilience well‐being across lifespan. image

Язык: Английский

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Auditory cortical connectivity in humans

Cerebral Cortex, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 33(10), С. 6207 - 6227

Опубликована: Дек. 27, 2022

Abstract To understand auditory cortical processing, the effective connectivity between 15 regions and 360 was measured in 171 Human Connectome Project participants, complemented with functional diffusion tractography. 1. A hierarchy of processing identified from Core (including A1) to Belt LBelt, MBelt, 52; then PBelt; HCP A4. 2. A4 has anterior temporal lobe TA2, A5, which connects dorsal-bank superior sulcus (STS) STGa, STSda, STSdp. These STS also receive visual inputs about moving faces objects, are combined information help implement multimodal object identification, such as who is speaking, what being said. Consistent this a “what” ventral stream, these have TPOJ1, STV, PSL, TGv, TGd, PGi, language-related semantic connecting Broca’s area, especially BA45. 3. A5 MT MST, connect parietal forming dorsal “where” stream involved actions space. Connections PBelt, A4, BA44 may form stream.

Язык: Английский

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The connectivity of the human frontal pole cortex, and a theory of its involvement in exploit versus explore

Cerebral Cortex, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 34(1)

Опубликована: Ноя. 21, 2023

Abstract The frontal pole is implicated in humans whether to exploit resources versus explore alternatives. Effective connectivity, functional and tractography were measured between six human regions for comparison 13 dorsolateral dorsal prefrontal cortex regions, the 360 cortical Human Connectome Project Multi-modal-parcellation atlas 171 HCP participants. have effective connectivity with Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Dorsal Cortex, both working memory; orbitofrontal anterior cingulate reward/non-reward system. There also temporal lobe, inferior parietal, posterior regions. Given this new evidence, evidence from activations damage, it proposed that contains autoassociation attractor networks are normally stable a short-term memory state, maintain stability other during exploitation of goals strategies. However, if an input or expected reward, non-reward, punishment received, destabilizes thereby enable exploration competing alternative reward systems may be key explore.

Язык: Английский

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The memory systems of the human brain and generative artificial intelligence

Heliyon, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(11), С. e31965 - e31965

Опубликована: Май 24, 2024

Generative Artificial Intelligence foundation models (for example Pre-trained Transformer - GPT models) can generate the next token given a sequence of tokens. How this 'generative AI' be compared with 'real' intelligence human brain, when for generates whole memory in response to an incomplete retrieval cue, and then further prospective thoughts? Here these two types generative intelligence, artificial machines real brain are compared, it is shown how memories generated by hippocampal recall what computes, computes it, very different from AI. Key differences use local associative learning rules system, non-local backpropagation error Indeed, argued that operation performed computationally differently implemented Moreover, emphasized primate including system includes computations about spatial view where objects people scenes, whereas rodents emphasis on place cells path integration movements between places. This comparison processing has interesting implications development AI neuroscience research.

Язык: Английский

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Selective activations and functional connectivities to the sight of faces, scenes, body parts and tools in visual and non-visual cortical regions leading to the human hippocampus

Brain Structure and Function, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 229(6), С. 1471 - 1493

Опубликована: Июнь 5, 2024

Connectivity maps are now available for the 360 cortical regions in Human Connectome Project Multimodal Parcellation atlas. Here we add function to these by measuring selective fMRI activations and functional connectivity increases stationary visual stimuli of faces, scenes, body parts tools from 956 HCP participants. Faces activate ventrolateral stream (FFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS) face head motion; inferior parietal (PGi) somatosensory (PF) regions. Scenes ventromedial VMV PHA parahippocampal scene area; medial (7m) lateral (PGp) regions; reward-related orbitofrontal cortex. Body cortex object (TE1p, TE2p); but also motion (MT, MST, FST); (PGi, PGs) unpleasant-related Tools an intermediate ventral area (VMV3, VVC, PHA3); (FST); (1, 2); auditory (A4, A5) The findings maps; show how other related their associations, including motion, somatosensory, auditory, semantic, value-related,

Язык: Английский

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