Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges

Molecular Cancer, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 24(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2025

This review highlights recent progress in exosome-based drug delivery for cancer therapy, covering exosome biogenesis, cargo selection mechanisms, and their application across multiple types. As small extracellular vesicles, exosomes exhibit high biocompatibility low immunogenicity, making them ideal vehicles capable of efficiently targeting cells, minimizing off-target damage side effects. aims to explore the potential with a focus on applications chemotherapy, gene immunomodulation. Additionally, challenges related production standardization are analyzed, highlighting importance addressing these issues clinical application. In conclusion, systems offer promising future therapies. Further research should aim enhance efficiency facilitate translation, paving way innovative treatment strategies.

Язык: Английский

---

Writers, readers, and erasers RNA modifications and drug resistance in cancer

Molecular Cancer, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 23(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2024

Drug resistance in cancer cells significantly diminishes treatment efficacy, leading to recurrence and metastasis. A critical factor contributing this is the epigenetic alteration of gene expression via RNA modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), 7-methylguanosine (m7G), pseudouridine (Ψ), adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing. These modifications are pivotal regulating splicing, translation, transport, degradation, stability. Governed by "writers," "readers," "erasers," impact numerous biological processes progression, including cell proliferation, stemness, autophagy, invasion, apoptosis. Aberrant can lead drug adverse outcomes various cancers. Thus, targeting modification regulators offers a promising strategy for overcoming enhancing efficacy. This review consolidates recent research on role prevalent resistance, with focus m6A, m1A, m5C, m7G, Ψ, A-to-I Additionally, it examines regulatory mechanisms linked underscores existing limitations field.

Язык: Английский

---

Harnessing the tumor microenvironment: targeted cancer therapies through modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Journal of Hematology & Oncology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 18(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2025

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is integral to cancer progression, impacting metastasis and treatment response. It consists of diverse cell types, extracellular matrix components, signaling molecules that interact promote growth therapeutic resistance. Elucidating the intricate interactions between cells TME crucial in understanding progression challenges. A critical process induced by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), wherein epithelial acquire mesenchymal traits, which enhance their motility invasiveness progression. By targeting various components TME, novel investigational strategies aim disrupt TME's contribution EMT, thereby improving efficacy, addressing resistance, offering a nuanced approach therapy. This review scrutinizes key players emphasizing avenues therapeutically components. Moreover, article discusses implications for resistance mechanisms highlights current toward modulation along with potential caveats.

Язык: Английский

---

Inflammation and Immune Escape in Ovarian Cancer: Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities

Journal of Inflammation Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер Volume 18, С. 895 - 909

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, largely due to its late-stage diagnosis and high recurrence rates. Chronic inflammation is a critical driver OC progression, contributing immune evasion, tumor growth, metastasis. Inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, as well key signaling pathways such nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signal transducer activator transcription 3 (STAT3), are upregulated in OC, promoting tumor-promoting environment. The microenvironment (TME) characterized by cells like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) regulatory T (Tregs), which suppress anti-tumor responses, facilitating evasion. Furthermore, utilize checkpoint pathways, PD-1/PD-L1, inhibit cytotoxic cell activity. Targeting these inflammatory evasion mechanisms offers promising therapeutic strategies. COX-2 inhibitors, Janus kinase/signal (JAK/STAT) pathway blockers, NF-kB inhibitors have shown potential preclinical studies, while targeting PD-1/PD-L1 CTLA-4 been explored with mixed results OC. Additionally, emerging research on microbiome inflammation-related biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs) exosomes, points new opportunities for early detection precision medicine. Future approaches treatment must focus personalized strategies that target TME, integrating anti-inflammatory therapies immunotherapy enhance patient outcomes. Continued into interplay between essential developing effective, long-lasting treatments.

Язык: Английский

---

Cancer stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages as mates in tumor progression: mechanisms of crosstalk and advanced bioinformatic tools to dissect their phenotypes and interaction

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16

Опубликована: Фев. 6, 2025

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset within the tumor mass significantly contributing to cancer progression through dysregulation of various oncogenic pathways, driving growth, chemoresistance and metastasis formation. The aggressive behavior CSCs is guided by several intracellular signaling pathways such as WNT, NF-kappa-B, NOTCH, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT, PI3K/AKT1/MTOR, TGF/SMAD, PPAR MAPK kinases, well extracellular vesicles exosomes, molecules cytokines, chemokines, pro-angiogenetic growth factors, which finely regulate CSC phenotype. In this scenario, microenvironment (TME) key player in establishment permissive niche, where engage intricate communications with diverse immune cells. "oncogenic" mainly represented B T lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic Among macrophages exhibit more plastic adaptable phenotype due their different subpopulations, characterized both immunosuppressive inflammatory phenotypes. Specifically, tumor-associated (TAMs) create an milieu production plethora paracrine factors (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, CCL1, CCL18) promoting acquisition stem-like, invasive metastatic TAMs have demonstrated ability communicate via direct ligand/receptor (such CD90/CD11b, LSECtin/BTN3A3, EPHA4/Ephrin) interaction. On other hand, exhibited capacity influence creating favorable for progression. Interestingly, bidirectional TME leads epigenetic reprogramming sustains malignant transformation. Nowadays, integration biological computational data obtained cutting-edge technologies (single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, trajectory analysis) has improved comprehension biunivocal multicellular dialogue, providing comprehensive view heterogeneity dynamics CSCs, uncovering alternative mechanisms evasion therapeutic resistance. Moreover, combination biology will lead development innovative target therapies dampening CSC-TME Here, we aim elucidate most recent insights on complex interactions specifically TAMs, tracing exhaustive scenario from primary

Язык: Английский

---

Unraveling the Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenic Insights

Cancers, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(3), С. 368 - 368

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2025

Fusobacterium nucleatum, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, has emerged as significant player in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. The bacterium causes persistent inflammatory reaction the mucosa by stimulating release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, creating an environment conducive to progression. F. nucleatum binds penetrates epithelial cells through adhesins such FadA, impairing cell junctions encouraging epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is associated with advancement. Additionally, modulates host immune system, suppressing activity conditions favorable for tumor growth. Its interactions gut microbiome contribute dysbiosis, further influencing carcinogenic pathways. Evidence indicates that can inflict DNA damage either directly via reactive oxygen species or indirectly environment. it triggers oncogenic pathways, especially Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, promotes growth longevity. Moreover, alters microenvironment, impacting behavior, metastasis, therapeutic responses. purpose this review elucidate molecular mechanisms contributes CRC. Understanding these crucial development targeted therapies diagnostic strategies CRC nucleatum.

Язык: Английский

---

mRNA vaccine platforms: linking infectious disease prevention and cancer immunotherapy

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13

Опубликована: Март 12, 2025

The advent of mRNA vaccines, accelerated by the global response to COVID-19 pandemic, marks a transformative shift in vaccine technology. In this article, we discuss development, current applications, and prospects vaccines for both prevention treatment infectious diseases oncology. By leveraging capacity encode antigens within host cells directly, provide versatile scalable platform suitable addressing broad spectrum pathogens tumor-specific antigens. We highlight recent advancements design, innovative delivery mechanisms, ongoing clinical trials, with particular emphasis on their efficacy combating diseases, such as COVID-19, Zika, influenza, well emerging potential cancer immunotherapy. also address critical challenges, including stability, optimization immune responses, broader issue accessibility. Finally, review strategies advancing next-generation aim overcoming limitations technology enhancing preventive therapeutic approaches oncological diseases.

Язык: Английский

---

Microenvironment-based immunotherapy in oral cancer: a comprehensive review

Medical Oncology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 42(5)

Опубликована: Март 28, 2025

Язык: Английский

---

Metabolic crossroads: unravelling immune cell dynamics in gastrointestinal cancer drug resistance

Cancer Drug Resistance, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2025

Metabolic reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in driving drug resistance gastrointestinal cancers (GI), particularly through pathways of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis. Cancer cells often rewire their metabolism to sustain growth reshape TME, creating conditions such as nutrient depletion, hypoxia, acidity that impair antitumor immune responses. Immune TME also undergo metabolic alterations, frequently adopting immunosuppressive phenotypes promote progression reduce efficacy therapies. The competition for essential nutrients, glucose, between cancer compromises functions effector cells, T cells. Additionally, by-products like lactate kynurenine further suppress activity populations, including regulatory M2 macrophages. Targeting glycolysis presents new opportunities overcome improve therapeutic outcomes GI cancers. Modulating these key has potential reinvigorate exhausted shift toward phenotypes, enhance effectiveness immunotherapies other treatments. Future strategies will require continued research into metabolism, development novel inhibitors, clinical trials evaluating combination Identifying validating biomarkers be crucial patient stratification treatment monitoring. Insights may have broader implications across multiple types, offering avenues improving treatment.

Язык: Английский

---

Sesquiterpene Lactones as Promising Phytochemicals to Cease Metastatic Propagation of Cancer

Biomolecules, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(2), С. 268 - 268

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2025

Cancer metastasis remains the most challenging issue in cancer therapy. Recent reports show that accounts for over 90% of cancer-associated deaths world. Metastasis is a multi-step process by which cells spread to distant tissues and organs beyond primary site. The metastatic propagation different cancers under surveillance several regulating processes factors related cellular signaling pathways. Plant-derived phytochemicals are bioactive components plants with variety biological medicinal activities. Several have been shown target various molecular tackle metastasis. Sesquiterpene lactones, as diverse group plant-derived activities, suppress promotion progression types acting on multiple cell-signaling This review article briefly describes its components. Then, sesquiterpene lactones ability inhibit invasion, migration, along mechanisms their effects described detail.

Язык: Английский

---