Experiments
were
conducted
in
an
UK
inter-city
train
carriage
with
the
aim
of
evaluating
risk
infection
to
SARS-CoV-2
virus
via
airborne
transmission.
The
experiments
included
in-service
CO2
measurements
and
measurement
salt
aerosol
concentrations
released
within
carriage.
Computational
fluid
dynamics
simulations
airflow
also
used
visualise
patterns,
efficacy
HVAC
filter
material
was
tested
a
laboratory.
Assuming
infectious
person
is
present,
for
1-h
journey
estimated
be
6
times
lower
than
full
day
well-ventilated
office,
or
10-12
poorly
ventilated
office.
While
absolute
typical
likely
low,
case
where
particularly
individual
on-board,
there
potential
number
secondary
infections
occur
during
journey.
Every
effort
should
therefore
made
minimize
these
carriages.
Recommendations
are
given
use
sensors
evaluation
transmission
on
The
evaporation
of
droplets
is
an
important
process
not
only
in
industrial
and
scientific
applications,
but
also
the
airborne
transmission
viruses
other
infectious
agents.
We
derive
analytical
semi-analytical
solutions
coupled
heat
mass
diffusion
equations
within
a
spherical
droplet
ambient
vapor
phase
that
describe
aqueous
free
containing
nonvolatile
solutes.
Our
results
demonstrate
solute-induced
water
vapor-pressure
reduction
considerably
slows
down
dominates
solute-concentration
dependence
time.
evaporation-induced
enhanced
solute
concentration
near
surface,
which
accounted
for
using
two-stage
description,
found
to
further
slow-down
drying
process.
On
hand,
presence
solutes
produce
lower
limit
size
can
be
reached
by
and,
also,
reduce
cooling
droplet,
tend
decrease
Overall,
first
two
effects
are
dominant,
meaning
time
increases
Local
variation
diffusivity
inside
its
consequence
coefficient,
does
significantly
change
Crust
formation
on
surface
final
equilibrium
producing
hollow
particle,
outer
radius
determined
as
well.
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
12(1)
Опубликована: Июль 28, 2022
Amid
ongoing
devastation
due
to
Serve-Acute-Respiratory-Coronavirus2
(SARS-CoV-2),
the
global
spatial
and
temporal
variation
in
pandemic
spread
has
strongly
anticipated
requirement
of
designing
area-specific
preventive
strategies
based
on
geographic
meteorological
state-of-affairs.
Epidemiological
regression
models
have
projected
particulate
matter
(PM)
as
leading
environmental-risk
factor
for
COVID-19
outbreak.
Understanding
role
secondary
environmental-factors
like
ammonia
(NH
Biomedicines,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11(2), С. 517 - 517
Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2023
The
spike
protein
(S-protein)
is
a
crucial
part
of
the
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2),
with
its
many
domains
responsible
for
binding,
fusion,
and
host
cell
entry.
In
this
review
we
use
density
functional
theory
(DFT)
calculations
to
analyze
atomic-scale
interactions
investigate
consequences
mutations
in
S-protein
domains.
We
specifically
describe
key
amino
acids
functions
each
domain,
which
are
essential
structural
stability
as
well
recognition
fusion
processes
cell;
addition,
speculate
on
how
affect
these
properties.
Such
unprecedented
large-scale
ab
initio
calculations,
up
5000
atoms
system,
based
novel
concept
acid–amino
acid-bond
pair
unit
(AABPU)
that
allows
an
alternative
description
proteins,
providing
valuable
information
partial
charge,
interatomic
bonding
hydrogen
bond
(HB)
formation.
general,
our
results
show
different
variants
foster
increased
positive
alter
interactions,
disrupt
HB
networks.
conclude
by
outlining
roadmap
future
computational
research
biomolecular
virus-related
systems.
Fundamental Research,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
4(3), С. 430 - 441
Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2023
Corona
virus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
has
exerted
a
profound
adverse
impact
on
human
health.
Studies
have
demonstrated
that
aerosol
transmission
is
one
of
the
major
routes
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2).
Pathogenic
microorganisms
such
as
SARS-CoV-2
can
survive
in
air
and
cause
widespread
infection
among
people.
Early
monitoring
pathogenic
microorganism
atmosphere
accurate
epidemic
prediction
are
frontier
guarantee
for
preventing
large-scale
outbreaks.
Monitoring
air,
especially
densely
populated
areas,
may
raise
possibility
to
detect
viruses
before
people
widely
infected
contain
at
an
earlier
stage.
The
multi-scale
coupled
system
provide
support
governments
analyze
situation,
allocate
health
resources,
formulate
response
policies.
This
review
first
elaborates
effects
atmospheric
environment
transmission,
which
lays
theoretical
foundation
transmission.
Secondly,
technique
development
necessity
summarized
emphasized.
Subsequently,
this
introduces
models
highlights
realize
by
strengthening
multidisciplinary
cooperation
epidemiology,
sciences,
environmental
sociology,
demography,
etc.
By
summarizing
achievements
challenges
atmosphere,
proposes
far-reaching
suggestions
response,
namely,
establishment
integrated
platform
atmosphere.
Soft Matter,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
17(16), С. 4296 - 4303
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021
While
almost
any
kind
of
face
mask
offers
some
protection
against
particles
and
pathogens
different
sizes,
the
most
efficient
ones
make
use
a
layered
structure
where
one
or
more
layers
are
electrically
charged.
This
electret
layer
is
essential
to
filtration
difficult-to-capture
small
particles,
yet
exact
nature
electrostatic
capture
with
respect
both
charge
on
fibres
as
well
effect
immediate
environment
remains
unclear.
Here,
we
explore
in
detail
interaction
between
surface
single
charged
fibre
model
SARS-CoV-2
virus.
Using
Poisson-Boltzmann
electrostatics
coupled
detailed
spike
protein
regulation
model,
show
how
pH
salt
concentration
drastically
change
scale
sign
interaction.
Furthermore,
configuration
few
proteins
closest
turns
out
be
important
for
strength
their
total
number
virus,
direct
consequence
regulation.
The
results
our
work
elucidate
details
virus
contribute
general
understanding
mechanisms.
Mist
is
generated
by
ultrasonic
cavitation
of
water
(Fisher
Biograde,
pH
5.5-6.5)
at
room
temperature
(20-25
°C)
in
open
air
with
nearly
constant
(22-25
but
varying
relative
humidity
(RH;
24-52%)
over
the
course
many
months.
Water
droplets
mist
are
initially
about
7
μm
diameter
50%
RH.
They
collected,
and
concentration
hydrogen
peroxide
(H
