Research Square (Research Square),
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2023
Abstract
Background
Alopecia
areata
is
characterized
by
patchy
hair
loss
that
can
extend
to
affect
all
body
and
about
2%
of
population
are
affected.
Many
hypotheses
for
etiopathogenesis
exit
but
autoimmunity
after
the
immune
privilege
collapse
a
widely
accepted
theory.
Objectives
The
aim
this
study
examine
expression
Melan
A
within
follicles
alopecia
as
one
melanocytic
markers,
in
order
correlate
melanocyte
existence
induction
disease.
Methods
Cross
sectioned
specimens
were
examined
routine
H&E
immunehistochemically
marker
16
patients.
Results
Within
82
follicles,
50
showed
positive
cellular
A.
Positive
cells
ranged
from
1
20
per
follicle.
There
was
significant
increase
count
cell
immune-targeted
with
correlation.
Conclusions
clearly
expressed
bulbar
region
suprabulbar
outer
root
sheath
significantly
correlated
mononuclear
infiltrates
accompany
pathogenesis
This
relevant
finding
may
confirm
melanocytes
carry
antigenic
epitope
required
initiate
organ
specific
also
explain
regrowth
only
white
some
cases
mysterious
Thomas
More
syndrome.
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2024
Topical
drug
delivery
is
widely
used
in
various
diseases
because
of
the
advantages
not
passing
through
gastrointestinal
tract,
avoiding
irritation
and
hepatic
first-pass
effect,
reaching
lesion
directly
to
reduce
unnecessary
adverse
reactions.
The
skin
helps
organism
defend
itself
against
a
huge
majority
external
aggressions
one
most
important
lines
defense
body.
However,
skin’s
strong
barrier
ability
also
obstacle
effectiveness
topical
medications.
Allowing
bioactive,
composition
pass
stratum
corneum
as
needed
reach
target
site
essential
need
for
exert
its
therapeutic
effect.
state
barrier,
choice
system
composition,
individualized
disease
detection
dosing
planning
influence
Nowadays,
enhancing
transdermal
absorption
topically
applied
drugs
hottest
research
area.
first
improve
all
drugs.
Excessive
enhances
accumulation
at
non-target
sites
occurrence
This
paper
introduces
strategies
from
three
perspectives:
delivery,
describes
current
status
shortcomings
research,
provides
new
directions
ideas
research.
Antioxidants,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
12(1), С. 135 - 135
Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2023
Alopecia
areata
(AA)
is
a
dermatological
condition
characterized
by
non-scarring
hair
loss.
Exact
etiopathogenesis
of
AA
still
unknown
although
it
known
that
several
factors
contribute
to
the
collapse
hair-follicle
(HF)-immune-privileged
(IP)
site.
Oxidative
stress
(OS)
plays
an
important
role
in
skin
diseases.
The
aim
this
review
was
clarify
OS
pathogenesis
and
diagnosis,
discuss
potential
treatment
options.
Oxidative-stress
markers
are
altered
serum
samples
patients
with
AA,
confirming
general
pro-oxidative
status
AA.
induces
MHC
class
I
chain-related
A
(MICA)
expression
HF
keratinocytes
activates
receptor
NKG2D,
expressed
NK
cells
CD8+
T
cytotoxic
leading
destabilization
immune-privileged
site
through
production
IFN-γ
stimulates
JAK1
JAK2
pathways.
also
KEAP1-NRF2
pathway,
antioxidant
system
contributes
homeostasis.
In
addition,
decrease
ATG5
LC3B
matrix
increase
p62
levels
indicates
reduction
intrafollicular
autophagy
during
evolution
Potential
biomarkers
could
be:
malondialdehyde
(MDA),
advanced
glycation
end-products
(AGEs),
ischemic-modified
albumin
(IMA).
JAK
inhibitors
new
frontier
use
nutraceuticals
modulate
balance,
combination
standard
treatments,
represent
promising
therapeutic
tools.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(8), С. 4409 - 4409
Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2024
Both
alopecia
areata
(AA)
and
vitiligo
are
distinct,
heterogenous,
complex
disease
entities,
characterized
by
nonscarring
scalp
terminal
hair
loss
skin
pigment
loss,
respectively.
In
AA,
inflammatory
cell
infiltrates
in
the
deep
reticular
dermis
close
to
bulb
(swarm
of
bees),
whereas
epidermis
papillary
dermis.
Immune
privilege
collapse
has
been
extensively
investigated
AA
pathogenesis,
including
suppression
immunomodulatory
factors
(e.g.,
transforming
growth
factor-β
(TGF-β),
programmed
death-ligand
1
(PDL1),
interleukin-10
(IL-10),
α-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
(α-MSH),
macrophage
migration
inhibitory
factor
(MIF))
enhanced
expression
major
histocompatibility
(MHC)
throughout
follicles.
However,
immune
remains
less
explored.
autoimmune
diseases
that
share
commonalities
involvement
plasmacytoid
dendritic
cells
(and
interferon-α
(IFN-
α)
signaling
pathways)
cytotoxic
CD8+
T
lymphocytes
activated
IFN-γ
pathways).
Blood
chemokine
C-X-C
motif
ligand
9
(CXCL9)
CXCL10
elevated
both
diseases.
Common
contribute
include
oxidative
stress,
autophagy,
type
2
cytokines,
Wnt/β-catenin
pathway
dickkopf
(DKK1)).
Here,
we
summarize
differences
between
vitiligo,
focusing
on
their
pathogenesis.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Апрель 19, 2023
Alopecia
areata
(AA)
is
a
non-scarring
hair
loss
disorder
caused
by
autoimmunity.
The
immune
collapse
of
the
follicle,
where
interferon-gamma
(IFN-γ)
and
CD8+
T
cells
accumulate,
key
factor
in
AA.
However,
exact
functional
mechanism
remains
unclear.
Therefore,
AA
treatment
has
poor
efficacy
maintenance
high
relapse
rate
after
drug
withdrawal.
Recent
studies
show
that
immune-related
molecules
affect
These
communicate
through
autocrine
paracrine
signals.
Various
cytokines,
chemokines
growth
factors
mediate
this
crosstalk.
In
addition,
adipose-derived
stem
(ADSCs),
gut
microbiota,
follicle
melanocytes,
non-coding
RNAs
specific
regulatory
have
crucial
roles
intercellular
communication
without
clear
cause,
suggesting
potential
new
targets
for
therapy.
This
review
discusses
latest
research
on
possible
pathogenesis
therapeutic
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Апрель 16, 2024
Autophagy
is
a
cellular
process
that
functions
to
maintain
intracellular
homeostasis
via
the
degradation
and
recycling
of
defective
organelles
or
damaged
proteins.
This
dynamic
mechanism
participates
in
various
biological
processes,
such
as
regulation
differentiation,
proliferation,
survival,
modulation
inflammation
immune
responses.
Recent
evidence
has
demonstrated
involvement
polymorphisms
autophagy-related
genes
skin
autoimmune
diseases.
In
addition,
autophagy,
along
with
proteins,
also
contributes
maintenance
skin,
which
associated
disorders.
review
aims
provide
an
overview
multifaceted
role
autophagy
diseases
shed
light
on
potential
autophagy-targeting
therapeutic
strategies
dermatology.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
13
Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2023
Background
The
most
commonly
acknowledged
non-scarring
alopecia
are
androgenetic
(AGA)
and
areata
(AA).
Previous
studies
have
revealed
various
risk
factors
associated
with
alopecia.
However,
the
relationship
between
leukocyte
telomere
length
(LTL)
remains
unclear.
Methods
A
two-sample
Mendelian
randomization
(MR)
analysis
was
performed
to
evaluate
causality
genetically
predicted
LTL
of
MR
analyses
were
using
inverse
variance-weighted
(IVW)
method
complemented
other
methods.
Results
summary
statistics
genome-wide
association
(GWAS)
for
AGA
AA
obtained
from
FinnGen
biobank,
which
included
119,185
211,428
individuals,
respectively.
total
126
single
nucleotide
polymorphisms
(SNPs)
significance
selected
as
instrumental
variables
LTL.
suggested
a
causal
AGA,
increased
by
3.19
times
shortened
one
standard
deviation
in
log
transformed
form
under
IVW
(OR
=
4.19,
95%
CI
1.20–14.61,
p
0.024).
methods
also
demonstrated
similar
trend
effect
on
AGA.
There
no
(
>
0.05).
Sensitivity
further
that
current
results
less
likely
be
affected
confounders
bias.
Conclusion
Our
potential
an
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
27(3), С. 189 - 206
Опубликована: Март 4, 2023
Introduction
The
treatment
of
vitiligo
remains
challenging
due
to
the
complexity
its
pathogenesis,
influenced
by
genetic
factors,
oxidative
stress
and
abnormal
cell
adhesion
that
collectively
impact
melanocyte
survival
trigger
immune
system
attacks,
resulting
in
death.
Melanocytes
are
believed
exhibit
susceptibility
defects
cellular
mechanisms,
such
as
autophagy,
reduce
their
ability
resist
stress,
leading
increased
expression
pro-inflammatory
protein
HSP70.
low
molecules,
DDR1
E-cadherin,
accelerates
damage
antigen
exposure.
Consequently,
autoimmune
attacks
centered
on
IFN-γ-CXCR9/10-CXCR3-CD8+
T
cells
initiated,
causing
vitiligo.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Май 2, 2023
Cytotoxic
T
lymphocyte
has
been
a
concern
for
the
etiopathogenesis
of
alopecia
areata
(AA),
some
recent
evidence
suggests
that
regulatory
(T
reg
)
cell
deficiency
is
also
contributing
factor.
In
lesional
scalp
AA,
cells
residing
in
follicles
are
impaired,
leading
to
dysregulated
local
immunity
and
hair
follicle
(HF)
regeneration
disorders.
New
strategies
emerging
modulate
cells’
number
function
autoimmune
diseases.
There
much
interest
boost
AA
patients
suppress
abnormal
autoimmunity
HF
stimulate
regeneration.
With
few
satisfactory
therapeutic
regimens
available
cell-based
therapies
could
be
way
forward.
Specifically,
CAR-T
novel
formulations
low-dose
IL-2
alternatives.
Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
Alopecia
areata
(AA)
is
a
chronic
inflammatory
disease
mainly
involving
Th1
immunoreaction,
but
Th2
also
involved.
A
9-year-old
girl
presented
to
our
clinic
with
severe
alopecia
for
2
months
and
pruritus-related
rashes
8
years.
She
was
diagnosed
AA
atopic
dermatitis
(AD),
the
Severity
of
Tool
(SALT)
score
98.
used
0.05%
halometasone
cream
(occlusive
dressing)
topically
applied
overnight
(6
days
weekly)
10
months.
After
treatment,
she
had
regrowth
both
black
white
hair.
However,
relapse
occurred
gradually
lost
all
terminal
hair,
hair
remained,
SALT
70.
Continuous
topical
occlusion
resulted
in
20
at
end
month
10.
Dupilumab
initially
prescribed
as
600-mg
subcutaneous
injection
maintained
300
mg
every
4
weeks
thereafter.
Hair
repigmentation
(10%
whole
density)
started,
shaft
appearing
proximal
parietal-occipital
occipital
areas
after
three
injections
week
12
dupilumab
therapy,
seven
28,
percentage
reached
up
90,
regained
her
pigmented
section
continued
grow
longer
rate
normal
growth.
Nevertheless,
termination
began
fall
off,
vellus
regrew
on
scalp,
80.
induces
without
disturbing
anagen
phase
follicles.
Therefore,
melanocytes
may
be
potential
target
Th2-related
factors.
Persistent
signal
dominance
management.
