Morphological Continua Make Poor Species: Genus-Wide Morphometric Survey of the European Bee Orchids (Ophrys L.)

Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(1), С. 136 - 136

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2023

Despite (or perhaps because of) intensive multidisciplinary research, opinions on the optimal number of species recognised within Eurasian orchid genus Ophrys range from nine to at least 400. The lower figure macrospecies is based primarily seeking small but reliable discontinuities in DNA ‘barcode’ regions, an approach subsequently reinforced and finessed via high-throughput sequencing studies. upper ca. 400 microspecies reflects morphological authoritarianism traditional taxonomy combined with belief extreme pollinator specificity caused by reliance pollination through pseudo-copulation, enacted bees wasps. Groupings that are less inclusive than termed mesospecies. Herein, we present multivariate morphometric analyses 51 characters scored for 457 individual plants together span full molecular diversity Ophrys, encompassing 113 named collectively represent all 29 mesospecies macrospecies. We critique our preferred accumulating heterogeneous data analysing them using principal coordinates, noting conclusions would have been strengthened even greater sampling inclusion describing pseudo-pheromone cocktails. Morphological variation proved be exceptionally multidimensional, lacking strong directional trends. Multivariate clustering according prior was typically weak, irrespective whether it assessed level macrospecies, or microspecies; considerable overlap evident between subsets molecularly differentiable Characters supporting genuine taxonomic distinctions were often sufficiently subtle they masked more positively correlated reflected contrasts flower size, tepal colour or, often, plant size. Individual appear continua, which divisions likely prove arbitrary if exclusively criteria adequately sampled across their geographic range. It remains unclear how much mosaic character among genetic versus epigenetic non-genetic influences what proportion any observed gene frequencies can attributed adaptive microevolution widely considered dictate speciation genus. Moreover, supplementing weak extrinsic criteria, imposing constraints location and/or supposed preference, assumes rather demonstrates presence weakest boundaries. Overall, clear entities below insufficiently structured variation, either phenotypic genotypic, resolved into discrete, self-circumscribing (“natural”) legitimately equated as delimited other specialised genera. Our search a non-arbitrary (meso)species concept competent circumscribe intermediate has so far proven unsuccessful.

Язык: Английский

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Unveiling Algorithm Classification Excellence: Exploring Calendula and Coreopsis Flower Datasets with Varied Segmentation Techniques

2023 17th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 7

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2024

This investigation constitutes a noteworthy progression in the advancement of more sophisticated and precise botanical image analysis. The primary objective this inquiry is to confront difficulties associated with categorization Calendula Coreopsis flowers through application diverse segmentation techniques classification algorithms. In experiment, we employed Canny edge detection, thresholding, mean shift, Otsu methods process flower images before applying Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree algorithms for classification. Enhanced comprehension integration distinct varied attained. We scrutinized accuracy, precision, recall, F1 measure across scenarios assess efficacy these Our principal discoveries consistently affirm that algorithm attains utmost accuracy levels when coupled shift segmentation, underscoring its proficiency endeavor. pivotal role an optimal amalgamation augmenting recognition underscored, thereby charting course subsequent investigations into advanced study's outcomes wield favorable influence on domain botany analysis at large, offering support researchers scientists achieving understanding plant species.

Язык: Английский

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Shape and Size Variability of the Gynostemium in Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae)

Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 14(3), С. 241 - 241

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2025

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz is considered a challenging and phenotypically difficult species to identify due its wide range of morphological variability. This variability mainly observed in the perianth parts but also extends gynostemium structure, which has so far been one most useful diagnostic characteristics. As result, simple graphic illustrating structural pattern morphology appeared 10 different forms available European taxonomic keys, significantly complicates identification this species. A total 122 flowers E. were collected from four natural populations Lower Silesia region (Poland) between 2017 2019 analysed for variation. Geometric morphometric analyses, including Procrustes ANOVA, PCA, CVA, used examine shape, with statistical tests assessing variation size stigma inclination angle among populations, individual plants (ramets), years research. Statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations width height, inclination, primarily driven by population, while ramet year research had lesser impact. analyses indicated population-level principal component identifying ventral view as informative discriminating these differences. The first two components explained major shape variation, canonical variate confirmed that important identification.

Язык: Английский

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Gymnadenia winkeliana—A New Orchid Species to Romanian Flora

Plants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(10), С. 1363 - 1363

Опубликована: Май 14, 2024

A novel species, Gymnadenia winkeliana, has been identified in the Bucegi Natural Park ROSCI0013, located Southern Carpathians of Central Romania. Two moderately sized populations totalling 120–140 individuals, were discovered inhabiting alpine grasslands park, situated 2.000 m above sea level. To describe this newly found population as comprehensively possible, 44 vegetative and floral organs/organ parts directly studied measured from living plants. Special attention was focused on characteristics that proved to have taxonomic significance, particularly those involving distinctive details morphology leaves, perianth, labellum gynostemium. total 223 analysed encompassing every organ plant, cytology breeding system. Furthermore, comprehensive treatment description, accompanied by colour photographs illustrating holotype, are provided. Voucher specimens deposited at Herbarium University Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest (USAMVB barcode: 40102, NEA); a (micro)endemic is characterized putative allogamous, facultatively apomict significantly differs other R.Br. species Notably, it distinguishes itself through its smaller habitus (reaching heights up 8–10 cm), two-coloured, rounded/hemispherical inflorescence displaying gradient pink hues an acropetal fashion (ranging whitish-pink base vivid-pink topmost flowers), limited distribution high-altitude areas, approximately km2 central area Park. This under observation since 2005, with observed numbers showing significant increase over time, ca. 50–55 (counted time discovery) individuals June 2023). Additionally, information regarding habitat, ecology, phenology IUCN conservation assessments winkeliana provided, including maps distribution.

Язык: Английский

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1098. Epipactis dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Godfery: Orchidaceae

Curtis s Botanical Magazine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 41(2), С. 191 - 197

Опубликована: Май 25, 2024

Summary Epipactis dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Godfery is illustrated: a list of synonyms and description are given. Taxonomy Zinn complex, the current status E. discussed in light this.

Язык: Английский

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Systematic reappraisal of marsh-orchids native to Scotland

Kew Bulletin, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 78(2), С. 107 - 131

Опубликована: Май 18, 2023

Summary The intensively studied Eurasian orchid genus Dactylorhiza has become a model system for exploring allopolyploid evolution, yet determining the optimal circumscriptions of, and most appropriate ranks for, its constituent taxa remain highly controversial topics. Here, novel allozyme data detailed morphometric 16 Scottish marsh-orchid populations are interpreted in context of recent DNA sequencing studies. Despite being derived from same pair parental species, two species that currently occur Scotland can reliably be distinguished using allozymes, haplotypes, ribotypes or sequences nuclear genes. A modest range diverse morphological characters shown to distinguish molecularly-circumscribed but they have past been obscured by equivalent levels infraspecific variation rooted anthocyanin pigments; these better employed distinguishing taxa. francis-drucei (formerly D. traunsteinerioides ) is confirmed as distinct continental traunsteineri/lapponica , probably originating through allopatric isolation once lineage reached Britain. All attributed comparatively small-flowered, anthocyanin-rich subsp. which includes variety former 'ebudensis' ; less confined Ireland, North Wales northern England. In contrast with only minority purpurella race, var. cambrensis . This likely originated an allopolyploidy event occurred recently within British Isles, it contains alleles distinctive rather than incarnata (its diploid pollen-parent). contrast, rare population cruenta shares Irish counterparts genotype, arrival long-distance dispersal. Among all European allotetraploid dactylorchids, closely resembles both molecularly morphologically.

Язык: Английский

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Editorial

Kew Bulletin, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 79(1), С. 1 - 2

Опубликована: Фев. 16, 2024

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Marsh-orchids of Canada: long-standing mysteries partially solved

Kew Bulletin, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 79(2), С. 257 - 281

Опубликована: Май 10, 2024

Summary Between 1959 and 1988, three populations of purple-flowered terrestrial orchids attributable to Dactylorhiza subgenus were discovered in Canada. The at Timmins, Ontario, St John's, Newfoundland strongly marked on both flowers leaves, contrast with the anthocyanin-deficient population Tilt Cove, Newfoundland. All have since experienced a wide range taxonomic assignments; debates are also ongoing regarding their origin most appropriate conservation status. Here, we address these questions by combining detailed situ morphometric analyses based 52 characters allozyme profiles data from nrITS, 15 plastid microsatellites seven nuclear microsatellites. alone sufficient confirm allopolyploidy categorically refute past assignments D. incarnata , maculata fuchsii majalis or purpurella . Several characters, nrITS all reliably distinguish each study populations, whereas two sampled subpopulations John's proved near-identical morphologically. In contrast, morphological variation within is strikingly low, particularly other than those influenced plant vigour. Similarly, compared 14 European Canadian genetically impoverished (two near-invariant) likely recent, extreme genetic bottlenecks during establishment. differ substantially, morphologically molecularly, therefore probably representing independent immigration events. Although clearly praetermissa deviate significantly morphology DNA comparable across Europe, preventing identification precise geographic origins. Any attempt determine mode — through natural long-distance transport, accidental deliberate introduction humans – challenged explain why lineages single Marsh-orchid species, different ways atypical that arrived independently North America no dactylorchid species has become established there.

Язык: Английский

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British and Irish orchids in a changing world – an update

Curtis s Botanical Magazine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 41(2), С. 177 - 179

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024

With just over 50 native orchid species in Britain, of which approximately 30 occur Ireland, the floras Britain and Ireland are not as rich those most other countries Western Europe (Italy, for example, has >200 species), although they include representatives all three subfamilies found Europe: Cypripedioideae (just Britain), Orchidoideae Epidendroideae. Exact numbers vary depending on taxonomic system followed, but Bateman (2022), stated that 53 Ireland. The also flux long-term natives go extinct or new arrive from Continent; Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich. (summer ladies' tresses) was last seen England 1950s, Epipogium aphyllum Sw. (ghost orchid) may be regionally extinct, whereas Serapias L. (tongue orchids) among recent newly recorded orchids (see discussion Bateman, 2022). Despite (or maybe because of) relatively low number species, British Irish well studied, data available these studies provide useful information relating to effects habitat loss climate change. This is important, due their complex life histories (including pollination syndromes dependence mycorrhizal fungi nutrition at least a part cycle), have been suggested particular risk environmental change by authors including Dixon & Swarts (2009), who wrote "it likely orchids, more than any plant family, will front-line suffer large-scale extinction events result change". More recently, Fay (2022, p. 9) "orchids fascinating group plants, can equivalent 'canary coalmine' – interactions with pollinators, many first casualties declines ecosystem health. An important study studying effect published Hutchings et al. (2018). used flowering time an amazing 356 years Ophrys sphegodes Mill. (early spider bee emergence demonstrate mechanism this vulnerable change, phenology partners (the pollinator) changing different ways response warmer springs; results led conclude "continuing warming increase frequency rare suffers complete reproductive failure". Climate could severe impact capacity form associations continued existence depends. (mostly) capable surviving free-living organisms, if leads environment no longer being suitable question appropriate fungus co-occurs then there potential collapse populations even extinction. In addition affecting lead shifts geographical range fungi, diversity abundance influencing we know little, anything, about associate. one our current projects ('FORECAST - Quantifying symbiosis Mediterranean biodiversity hotspots'), examining under models, project direct assisted migration ex situ conservation activities orchids. 2015, (2015) summarised status themed issue Curtis's Botanical Magazine (Vol. 32, Part 1, eight accounts), identifying (potential) 'winners' 'losers' threats. Here publish accounts further ten six four Epidendroideae, respectively; sole member (Cypripedium calceolus L., lady's slipper featured 2015 (Fay Taylor, 2015). Eight illustrated plates based plants growing island Lindisfarne artist Reinhild Raistrick, paintings set illustrating island. spiralis (L.) Chevall. (autumn painted Joanna Langhorne, material Devon, Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. (greater butterfly historical plate Flora Danica. Pollination mechanisms vary, some food deceptive (e.g. Dactylorhiza incarnata Soó, early marsh orchid, D. purpurella (T.Stephenson T.A.Stephenson) northern rewarding Neottia ovata Hartm., twayblade). apifera Huds. (bee unusual (at predominantly) self-pollinating, contrast sexually deceptive. Ease cultivation varies, should regarded subjects specialist collections. Some like O. make good garden subjects, others, notably Corallorhiza trifida Châtel., (almost) impossible cultivate; case C. trifida, its obligate mycoheterotrophy (it dependent fungal associate much nutrition). For readers, included here considered enjoyed nature. Biodiversity general currently subject unprecedented threats, threats great impact. Current red listing activity shows higher proportion threat Fay, 2022), hope bringing attention charismatic exposed, contribute conservation, safeguarding them future generations enjoy. Jacopo Calevo funded European Commission Marie Skłodowska-Curie Global Fellowship (grant agreement No. 101031324 "FORECAST"). We thank artists Raistrick Langhorne artwork, Julia Buckley (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) her assistance sourcing illustrations black-and-white drawings Stella Ross-Craig. Our co-authors made contributions texts improved quality accounts. Maarten Christenhusz granting permission use his photographs collaborators Kingsley Dixon, Karl Duffy, Mark Chase discussions. Finally, acknowledge major contribution Martyn Rix Chief Editor so years.

Язык: Английский

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New Cytogenetic Data for the Neottieae Tribe (Orchidaceae) in the Mediterranean Region

Plants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(13), С. 1776 - 1776

Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2024

This work presents a summary of cytogenetic data, including new information, on several species within the tribe Neottieae, with an update karyotype for 23 belonging to genera Cephalanthera, Limodorum, Epipactis, and Neottia (including Listera). Each these four also distinctive chromosomal features, such as bimodal karyotypes. Our research includes insights into distribution constitutive heterochromatin, measured using C-banding and, in some cases, specific fluorochromes detection A-T- G-C-rich DNA. In Epipactis group, it is noteworthy that when Giemsa banding technique, certain (e.g., E. placentina, meridionalis) chromosome number 2n = 38 were observed exhibit conspicuous wide band heterochromatin long arm third pair subcentromeric position, resembling what has been helleborine. These differences have potential contribute diversification species. Based karyological results obtained, hypothesis regarding origin helleborine group proposed. Additionally, analyses conducted specimen microphylla revealed counts ranging from 36 40. Somatic metaphases exhibited evident structural alterations chromosomes, showing rearrangements probably caused by translocation phenomena. data obtained studied genera, conceivable variations both structurally exert significant influence evolution karyotype. Moreover, many entities Neottieae tribe, processes may phenotype instances.

Язык: Английский

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