Water Science & Technology Water Supply,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
24(5), С. 1425 - 1446
Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2024
ABSTRACT
The
study
for
the
design
of
tunnels
in
similar
geological
settings,
providing
insights
into
potential
challenges
that
may
arise
during
excavation
and
offering
strategies
mitigating
risks
District
Kalam
on
Ushu
River,
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan.
methodology
involved
mapping,
rock
sampling,
discontinuity
surveys,
laboratory
testing
empirical
analysis
tunnel
parameters
at
Weir
House,
Powerhouse,
alignment
locations.
Empirical
using
three
classification
systems,
mass
rating
(RMR),
quality
tunneling
index,
index
(RMi).
Based
classification,
was
found
to
be
fair,
indicating
favorable
properties.
Q-system
rated
as
poor
suggesting
low
intensity,
medium
strength,
or
deformation
modulus.
According
RMi,
strong,
high
deformability.
support
is
based
analysis,
it
recommends
reinforcement
elements
such
bolts,
wire
mesh,
shotcrete
lining.
Overall,
stable
does
not
have
complex
structure
weak
zones.
International Journal of Climatology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
45(2)
Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2024
ABSTRACT
This
study
assesses
the
performance
of
28
NASA
Earth
Exchange
Global
Daily
Downscaled
Climate
Projections
(NEX‐GDDP‐CMIP6)
models
and
their
multi‐model
ensemble
(MME)
in
simulating
mean
extreme
precipitation
across
sub‐Saharan
Africa
from
1985
to
2014.
The
Multi‐Source
Weighted‐Ensemble
Precipitation
(MSWEP)
Hazards
Group
InfraRed
with
Station
Data
(CHIRPS)
are
used
as
reference
datasets.
Various
statistical
metrics
such
bias
(MB),
spatial
correlation
coefficients
(SCCs),
Taylor
skill
scores
(TSS)
comprehensive
ranking
index
(CRI)
employed
evaluate
NEX‐GDDP‐CMIP6
at
both
annual
seasonal
scales.
Results
show
that
can
reproduce
observed
cycle
all
subregions,
model
spread
within
observational
uncertainties.
MME
also
successfully
reproduces
distribution
precipitation,
achieving
SCCs
TSSs
greater
than
0.8
subregions.
biases
consistent
different
However,
most
trends
opposite
observations.
While
generally
its
varies
dataset,
particularly
for
number
rainy
days
(RR1)
maximum
consecutive
dry
(CDD).
TSS
values
indices
differ
significantly
by
region,
data
index,
lowest
over
South
Central
highest
West
Southern
Africa.
CRI
indicates
no
single
consistently
outperforms
others
even
same
when
compared
MSWEP
CHIRPS.
These
results
may
be
helpful
using
future
projections
impact
assessment
studies
Water Science & Technology Water Supply,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
24(5), С. 1425 - 1446
Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2024
ABSTRACT
The
study
for
the
design
of
tunnels
in
similar
geological
settings,
providing
insights
into
potential
challenges
that
may
arise
during
excavation
and
offering
strategies
mitigating
risks
District
Kalam
on
Ushu
River,
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan.
methodology
involved
mapping,
rock
sampling,
discontinuity
surveys,
laboratory
testing
empirical
analysis
tunnel
parameters
at
Weir
House,
Powerhouse,
alignment
locations.
Empirical
using
three
classification
systems,
mass
rating
(RMR),
quality
tunneling
index,
index
(RMi).
Based
classification,
was
found
to
be
fair,
indicating
favorable
properties.
Q-system
rated
as
poor
suggesting
low
intensity,
medium
strength,
or
deformation
modulus.
According
RMi,
strong,
high
deformability.
support
is
based
analysis,
it
recommends
reinforcement
elements
such
bolts,
wire
mesh,
shotcrete
lining.
Overall,
stable
does
not
have
complex
structure
weak
zones.
