Cannabis use in Germany: Frequency, routes of administration, and co-use of inhaled nicotine or tobacco products

Deutsches Ärzteblatt international, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2024

The federal government of Germany is planning to liberalize the recreational cannabis market for adults. We aimed collect key baseline data on frequency use, routes administration, and co-use inhaled nicotine or tobacco products in population.

Язык: Английский

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Does acute cannabidiol (CBD) use impair performance? A meta-analysis and comparison with placebo and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Neuropsychopharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 49(9), С. 1425 - 1436

Опубликована: Март 25, 2024

Cannabidiol (CBD) is widely used and believed to be non-intoxicating, lacking acute performance effects (e.g., non-impairing). However, a synthesis of data has not evaluated this. This meta-analysis synthesized from controlled human laboratory studies that if CBD use impairs performance. Performance on objective subjective measures cognitive psychomotor function were as markers for potential changes impairment. Studies identified through systematic database searches. Adult clinical trials measuring (within 0-8 h administration) included. The primary outcome was the peak mean difference in between placebo. A secondary analysis utilizing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) positive control comparison completed. Pooled Hedges' g estimates calculated using robust variance estimation (RVE) meta-regression. omnibus RVE indicated statistically significant, but small effect size (Hedge's < 0.2) impaired following consumption compared placebo (N = 16 trials, 0.122, 95% CI: 0.023-0.221, p 0.019). Measure type significant moderator with larger differences when measures, specifically self-reported sedation, versus tasks (Hedges'

Язык: Английский

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Sex Differences in Response-Contingent Cannabis Vapor Administration During Adolescence Mediate Enduring Effects on Behavioral Flexibility and Prefrontal Microglia Activation in Rats

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 9(4), С. e1184 - e1196

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2024

Cannabis is the most used illicit drug in United States. With many states passing legislation to permit its recreational use, there concern that cannabis use among adolescents could increase dramatically coming years. Historically, it has been difficult model real-world investigate causal relationship between adolescence and behavioral neurobiological effects adulthood.

Язык: Английский

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Understanding youth and young adult cannabis use in Canada post-legalization: a scoping review on a public health issue

Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 19(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2024

Abstract Background Canada legalized recreational cannabis in 2018, and one of the primary objectives Cannabis Act was to protect youth by reducing their access providing public education. has highest prevalence use worldwide, particularly among young adults under age 25. is linked with many adverse effects for including psychosis, anxiety, depression, respiratory distress, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, impaired cognitive performance. Despite high evolution policies globally, significant knowledge research gaps remain regarding adult use. The aim this scoping review map extent, nature, range evidence available on since its legalization, order strengthen policies, services, treatments, training, education strategies. Methods Using a framework developed Arksey O’Malley, along PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we conducted rigorous search five academic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Web Science Core Collection. We included empirical studies that collected data after legalization (October 2018) focused or < 30. Two reviewers independently screened articles two stages extracted relevant information from meeting inclusion criteria. Results Of 47 our criteria, 92% used quantitative methods, 6% were qualitative, 2% mixed-methods approach. Over two-thirds (68%) secondary data. These categorized into six focus areas: (1) prevalence, patterns, trends, (2) cannabis-related injuries emergency department (ED) visits, (3) rates patterns during pandemic, (4) perceptions use, (5) prevention tools, (6) offenses. Key findings reviewed include an increase 18-24-year-olds post-legalization, mixed results 18. ED visits intentional unintentional have increased children teens. Perception show mix concern normalization Though limited, are promising raising awareness. A decline offenses noted study. highlights several gaps, need more qualitative data, disaggregation demographic intervention research, comprehensive physical mental health impacts adults. Conclusion Maintaining approach critical, This involves implementing strategies minimize harms, enhancing education, minimizing commercialization, cannabis, promoting guidelines lower-risk harm reduction strategies, increasing training healthcare providers.

Язык: Английский

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Sex Differences in Plasma, Adipose Tissue, and Central Accumulation of Cannabinoids, and Behavioral Effects of Oral Cannabis Consumption in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 26(11), С. 773 - 783

Опубликована: Сен. 16, 2023

Cannabis edibles are an increasingly popular form of cannabis consumption. Oral consumption has distinct physiological and behavioral effects compared with injection or inhalation. An animal model is needed to understand the pharmacokinetics oral in rodents as a for human edible use.Adult male female C57BL/6 mice received single dose commercially available oil (5 mg/kg Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) by gavage. At 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 hours post exposure, plasma, hippocampus, adipose tissue were collected THC, 11-OH-THC, THC-COOH measures.We report delayed time peak THC 11-OH-THC concentrations brain, tissue, which consistent studies. We also found sex differences tetrad: (1) had hypothermic effect consumption, was not present males; (2) females stronger catalepsy than (3) males less mobile following whereas showed no difference locomotion but anxiogenic at 3 exposure; (4) displayed longer-lasting antinociceptive cannabis.Oral translationally relevant administration that produces similar vaping thus should be considered viable approach examining moving forward. Furthermore, given strong metabolism cannabis, these factors carefully when designing studies on cannabis.

Язык: Английский

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Development and Initial Validation of a Momentary Cannabis Craving Scale Within a Homogeneous Sample of U.S. Emerging Adults

Assessment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 32(1), С. 77 - 89

Опубликована: Март 21, 2024

Given the popularity and ease of single-item craving assessments, we developed a multi-item measure compared it to common assessments in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) context. Two weeks EMA data were collected from 48 emerging adults (56.25% female, 85.42% White) who frequently used cannabis. Eight items administered, multilevel factor analyses identify best fitting model. The resulting scale’s factors represented purposefulness/general desire emotionality/negative affect craving. Convergent validity was examined using measures craving, cannabis use disorder symptoms, frequency use, cue reactivity, negative affect, impulsivity. scale associated with cue-reactivity impulsivity, subfactors existing measures. For researchers interested single item capture one performed particularly well. However, new may provide more nuanced mechanisms underlying

Язык: Английский

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Associations between Cannabis Consumption Methods and Cannabis Risk Perception

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 21(8), С. 986 - 986

Опубликована: Июль 27, 2024

Given diversified cannabis products, we examined associations between consumption methods and risk perception of smoking 1–2 times a week. Using the 2022 U.S. National Survey on Drug Use Health data (N = 12,796 past-year adult users; M 6127 F 6669), used multinomial binary logistic regression models. Smoking was most prevalent method, followed by eating/drinking, vaping, dabbing. One-half users reported no perceived week, 37.5% slight risk, 9.2% moderate 2.9% great risk. Those with or had lower likelihood using 4+ (e.g., RRR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20, 0.77 for perception). Any associated higher odds edibles/drinks only aOR 2.81, 1.43, 5.54 Along medical use CUD, sociodemographic factors, mental illness, other substance were also significant correlates methods. Understanding varying perceptions different is needed harm reduction initiatives. More research particularly dabs/concentrates, to better understand potential risks them.

Язык: Английский

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Cannabis research in context: The case for measuring and embracing regional similarities and differences

Addiction, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 119(9), С. 1502 - 1504

Опубликована: Март 7, 2024

Considerable differences in the types of cannabis products, methods use, social norms and cultures legal climates surrounding use exist among regions, resulting distinct contexts. Research examining accounting for these contextual is crucial to further understanding disorder, developing refining context sensitive strategies prevention, treatment harm reduction. The past two decades have seen increased legalization recreational across globe, prevalence emerging evidence cannabis-related harms [1]. We argue that precisely how impacts people who cannabis, as well likely why, may vary substantially depending upon variation legislation, promotion, acceptability around use. These factors create unique regionally specific 'cannabis contexts'. Although broader cross-cultural considerations apply all addictions we believe they are particularly important given global changes towards more lenient policies. aim increase awareness stimulate research debate regarding contexts shape processes underlying disorder (CUD) associated outcomes. percentage Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products has been increasing internationally [1], but there substantial markets type product Use higher-potency appears risen United States be common states legalized [2]. temporal regional health implications [3]. Further individual cannabinoid exposure, new THC rising popularity US market, with one six users reporting Δ8-THC [4]. produces fewer psychoactive effects than Δ9-THC, preferred those seeking medicinal benefit, indicating a potential difference attitudes Common routes administration (ROA) also differ throughout regions impact bioavailability cannabinoids. Cannabis combustion results faster onset action higher blood levels relative oral ingestion [5]. While smoking still most prevalent ROA Canada, edible [6] smoked flower combined tobacco European countries [7]. Nicotine cannabinoids compensatory synergistic neurobiological [8], nicotine–cannabis co-users severe CUD prognoses [9]. variations result differential frequent on other physical, cognitive mental policies, perceived it, influence trajectories probably contribute CUD. More permissive community heightened [10]. interplay policies feed into interact perceptions one's own producing different outcomes In States, availability declining parallel rates [11]. Despite such increases self-reported [12]. Some that, rather reflecting legitimate decline CUD, this seemingly contradictory pattern reflect reduced treatment-seeking some (e.g. [13]). tentatively agree: per se, concomitant drug then acquired, can alter drug's safety, turn potentially changing consequences [14]. Such forms messaging cannabis—for example, presence signs promoting benefits dispensaries California [15]. emergence evidence-based purported therapeutic appeal bring while already cannabis. contrast Canadian reported risk post-legalization [16], preliminary data from emergency psychiatric units indicate [17]. entry Europe [18]. short, local social, regulatory societal milieu which consumed exceedingly complex. There reasons affect initiates it affects them whether perceive effects. Greater attention improve our If experiences are—as suggest—potentially so variable, proceed investigating cannabis? One approach sample niche populations homogeneous, cannabis-only users, will ignore reality It complex picture need understand provide nuanced guidelines safer patterns generalize wider population Instead, researchers should embrace heterogeneity study context. To achieve this, recommend following; first, urge report standardized fashion. iCannToolkit [19] framework facilitating integration characterization context-specific proposes time-line follow-back (TLFB) methodology (in combination 5-mg unit ROA) an extensive self-report quantification method. Self-reports quick reliable proxy exposure [20]. Secondly, when testing time allows risks motives versus medicinal) relevant incorporate. When samples large enough, exploratory analyses assess Beyond studying valuable public regions—including often under-represented minority groups—over time. Finally, strongly studies incorporate explicit context' statements, including elements described Box 1. statements brief overview typical was conducted help characterize studies, improving synthesis. Over time, information contained even used meta-analytically explain findings regions. Location Year policy (i.e. status and/or commercial non-commercial) Description retail market (if applicable) method Average content available) Regional Janna Cousijn: Conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition supervision (lead); writing—original draft (supporting); writing—review editing (lead). Lauren Kuhns: (equal). Francesca Filbey: (supporting). Tom P. Freeman: Emese Kroon: This supported by grant 1R01 DA042490-01A1 awarded Cousijn Filbey National Institute Drug Abuse/National Health. All authors no conflicts interest declare.

Язык: Английский

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Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of multi-modal cannabis use among young adults who currently use cannabis

Preventive Medicine Reports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 43, С. 102775 - 102775

Опубликована: Май 25, 2024

Cannabis use is common in young adulthood, yet little known about the prevalence and patterns of multi-modal (i.e., more than one mode) cannabis use.

Язык: Английский

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Changes in modes of cannabis consumption pre- and post-legalization and their correlates among adults in Ontario, Canada: 2017–2022

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 50(4), С. 557 - 565

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2024

Despite an increase in the varieties of cannabis products available for consumption, limited evidence is about patterns consumption methods before and after legalization.

Язык: Английский

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