American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
117, С. S28 - S42
Опубликована: Май 1, 2023
Human
milk
is
universally
recognized
as
the
preferred
food
for
infants
during
first
6
mo
of
life
because
it
provides
not
only
essential
and
conditionally
nutrients
in
necessary
amounts
but
also
other
biologically
active
components
that
are
instrumental
protecting,
communicating
important
information
to
support,
promoting
optimal
development
growth
infants.
Despite
decades
research,
however,
multifaceted
impacts
human
consumption
on
infant
health
far
from
understood
a
biological
or
physiological
basis.
Reasons
this
lack
comprehensive
knowledge
functions
numerous,
including
fact
tend
be
studied
isolation,
although
there
reason
believe
they
interact.
In
addition,
composition
can
vary
greatly
within
an
individual
well
among
populations.
The
objective
working
group
Breastmilk
Ecology:
Genesis
Infant
Nutrition
(BEGIN)
Project
was
provide
overview
composition,
factors
impacting
its
variation,
how
may
function
coordinately
nourish,
protect,
communicate
complex
recipient
infant.
Moreover,
we
discuss
ways
whereby
might
interact
such
benefits
intact
matrix
greater
than
sum
parts.
We
then
apply
several
examples
illustrate
better
thought
system
rather
more
simplistic
"mixture"
independent
synergistically
support
health.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
117, С. S11 - S27
Опубликована: Май 1, 2023
The
goal
of
Working
Group
1
in
the
Breastmilk
Ecology:
Genesis
Infant
Nutrition
(BEGIN)
Project
was
to
outline
factors
influencing
biological
processes
governing
human
milk
secretion
and
evaluate
our
current
knowledge
these
processes.
Many
regulate
mammary
gland
development
utero,
during
puberty,
pregnancy,
through
secretory
activation,
at
weaning.
These
include
breast
anatomy,
vasculature,
diet,
lactating
parent's
hormonal
milieu
including
estrogen,
progesterone,
placental
lactogen,
cortisol,
prolactin,
growth
hormone.
We
examine
effects
time
day
postpartum
interval
on
secretion,
along
with
role
mechanisms
parent-infant
interactions
bonding,
particular
attention
actions
oxytocin
pleasure
systems
brain.
then
consider
potential
clinical
conditions
infection,
pre-eclampsia,
preterm
birth,
cardiovascular
health,
inflammatory
states,
mastitis,
particularly,
gestational
diabetes
obesity.
Although
we
know
a
great
deal
about
transporter
by
which
zinc
calcium
pass
from
blood
stream
into
milk,
cellular
localization
transporters
that
carry
substrates
such
as
glucose,
amino
acids,
copper,
many
other
trace
metals
present
across
plasma
intracellular
membranes
require
more
research.
pose
question
how
cultured
alveolar
cells
animal
models
can
help
answer
lingering
questions
regulation
secretion.
raise
parent
infant
microbiome
immune
system
development,
molecules
protection
pathogens.
Finally,
effect
medications,
recreational
illicit
drugs,
pesticides,
endocrine-disrupting
chemicals
composition,
emphasizing
this
area
needs
much
research
attention.
Children,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
12(1), С. 53 - 53
Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2025
In
recent
years,
significant
advancements
in
respiratory
and
nutritional
care
have
markedly
improved
the
survival
rates
of
preterm
infants
enhanced
long-term
health
outcomes.
Despite
these
improvements,
emerging
research
highlights
lasting
impacts
early
growth
patterns
on
an
individual’s
trajectory.
Adults
born
prematurely
face
a
higher
incidence
issues
related
to
their
birth.
The
American
Academy
Pediatrics
recommends
that
should
achieve
similar
those
fetuses,
with
clinicians
emphasizing
nutrition
delivery
help
reach
expected
weight
for
gestational
age.
However,
this
approach
often
results
altered
body
composition,
characterized
by
increased
fat
mass
decreased
fat-free
compared
full-term
infants.
Air
displacement
plethysmography
stands
out
as
highly
reliable
method
measuring
while
DEXA
scans,
despite
reliability,
tend
overestimate
fat.
Other
methods
include
bioelectric
impedance,
isotope
dilution,
MRI,
ultrasound,
skinfold
thickness,
each
its
own
strengths
limitations.
paper,
we
aim
raise
awareness
among
neonatal
about
importance
achieving
acceptable
composition.
We
discuss
pros
cons
different
composition
measurement
methods,
impact
other
factors
infants,
follow-up
data,
potential
use
data
tailor
interventions
NICU
post-discharge
settings.
This
comprehensive
is
designed
optimize
outcomes
newborns
focusing
from
stage.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
117, С. S61 - S86
Опубликована: Май 1, 2023
Human
milk
contains
all
of
the
essential
nutrients
required
by
infant
within
a
complex
matrix
that
enhances
bioavailability
many
those
nutrients.
In
addition,
human
is
source
bioactive
components,
living
cells
and
microbes
facilitate
transition
to
life
outside
womb.
Our
ability
fully
appreciate
importance
this
relies
on
recognition
short-
long-term
health
benefits
and,
as
highlighted
in
previous
sections
supplement,
its
ecology
(i.e.,
interactions
among
lactating
parent
breastfed
well
context
itself).
Designing
interpreting
studies
address
complexity
depends
availability
new
tools
technologies
account
for
such
complexity.
Past
efforts
have
often
compared
formula,
which
has
provided
some
insight
into
bioactivity
milk,
whole,
or
individual
components
supplemented
with
formula.
However,
experimental
approach
cannot
capture
contributions
ecology,
interaction
between
these
matrix,
significance
itself
enhance
outcomes
interest.
This
paper
presents
approaches
explore
biological
system
functional
implications
components.
Specifically,
we
discuss
study
design
data
collection
considerations
how
emerging
analytical
technologies,
bioinformatics,
systems
biology
could
be
applied
advance
our
understanding
critical
aspect
biology.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
117, С. S43 - S60
Опубликована: Май 1, 2023
Infants
drive
many
lactation
processes
and
contribute
to
the
changing
composition
of
human
milk
through
multiple
mechanisms.
This
review
addresses
major
topics
removal;
chemosensory
ecology
for
parent–infant
dyad;
infant's
inputs
into
microbiome;
impact
disruptions
in
gestation
on
fetal
infant
phenotypes,
composition,
lactation.
Milk
removal,
which
is
essential
adequate
intake
continued
synthesis
hormonal
autocrine/paracrine
mechanisms,
should
be
effective,
efficient,
comfortable
both
lactating
parent
infant.
All
3
components
included
evaluation
removal.
Breastmilk
"bridges"
flavor
experiences
utero
with
postweaning
foods,
flavors
become
familiar
preferred.
can
detect
changes
resulting
from
parental
lifestyle
choices,
including
recreational
drug
use,
early
sensory
properties
these
drugs
subsequent
behavioral
responses.
Interactions
between
own
developing
microbiome,
that
milk,
environmental
factors
are
drivers—both
modifiable
nonmodifiable—in
microbial
explored.
Disruptions
gestation,
especially
preterm
birth
growth
restriction
or
excess,
such
as
timing
secretory
activation,
adequacy
volume
duration
Research
gaps
identified
each
areas.
To
assure
a
sustained
robust
breastfeeding
ecology,
myriad
must
systematically
considered.
Nutrients,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(5), С. 805 - 805
Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2025
Background/Objectives:
There
is
limited
information
on
human
milk
(HM)
microbiome
composition
and
function
in
Latin
America.
Also,
interactions
between
HM
constituents
its
have
received
partial
attention.
Objective:
To
characterize
the
microbiota
considering
lactation
stages
(colostrum,
transition,
mature
HM)
free
glutamate
concentrations
Ecuadorian
mothers.
Methods:
We
recruited
20
mothers
that
gave
birth
to
normal
full-term
babies
donated
colostrum,
milk.
Samples
were
assessed
by
16S
rRNA
gene
sequencing
Oxford
Nanopore
Technologies
(ONT).
Free
measured
proton
nuclear
magnetic
resonance
(NMR)
spectroscopy.
Results:
For
each
stage
order
of
frequency,
majority
ASVs
assigned
Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus,
(Firmicutes);
Escherichia,
Acinetobacter,
(Proteobacteria);
Corynebacterium,
Lactobacillus,
Cutibacterium,
(Actinobacteriota);
Chryseobacterium,
Flavobacterium
(Bacteroidota).
Alfa
diversity
was
similar
samples
tended
be
higher
intended
for
male
infants.
observed
significant
differences
qualitative
β-diversity
metrics
with
low
high
concentrations.
Functional
predictions
demonstrated
presence
polyamine
biosynthesis
II
super
pathway
Conclusions:
The
core
bacterial
components
women
those
reported
from
different
parts
world,
variations
at
genus
level.
dynamics
need
studied
maternal
production
metabolism
better
understand
optimal
infant
nutrition.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
117, С. S87 - S105
Опубликована: Май 1, 2023
Human
milk
is
the
ideal
source
of
nutrition
for
most
infants,
but
significant
gaps
remain
in
our
understanding
human
biology.
As
part
addressing
these
gaps,
Breastmilk
Ecology:
Genesis
Infant
Nutrition
(BEGIN)
Project
Working
Groups
1-4
interrogated
state
knowledge
regarding
infant-human
milk-lactating
parent
triad.
However,
to
optimize
impact
newly
generated
across
all
stages
research,
need
remained
a
translational
research
framework
specific
field.
Thus,
with
inspiration
from
simplified
environmental
sciences
Kaufman
and
Curl,
Group
5
BEGIN
developed
science
lactation
infant
feeding,
which
includes
nonlinear,
interconnected
stages,
T1:
Discovery;
T2:
health
implications;
T3:
Clinical
public
T4:
Implementation;
T5:
Impact.
The
accompanied
by
6
overarching
principles:
1)
Research
spans
continuum
nonhierarchical
manner;
2)
Projects
engage
interdisciplinary
teams
continuous
collaboration
cross
talk;
3)
Priorities
study
designs
incorporate
diverse
range
contextual
factors;
4)
include
community
stakeholders
outset
through
purposeful,
ethical,
equitable
engagement;
5)
conceptual
models
respectful
care
birthing
address
implications
lactating
parent;
6)
real-world
settings
account
factors
surrounding
feeding
milk,
including
exclusivity
mode
feeding.
To
demonstrate
application
presented
its
principles,
case
studies
are
included,
each
illustrating
framework.
Applying
approach
an
important
step
toward
aligned
goals
optimizing
contexts
as
well
all.
Nutrients,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
15(17), С. 3729 - 3729
Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2023
There
is
an
inadequate
understanding
of
the
daily
variations
in
hormones
and
macronutrients
human
milk
(HM),
sample
collection
protocols
vary
considerably
from
study
to
study.
To
investigate
changes
these
components
across
24
h,
22
lactating
women
collected
small
samples
before
after
each
breastfeed
or
expression
breast.
Test
weighing
was
used
determine
volume
HM
consumed
feed.
The
concentrations
leptin,
adiponectin,
insulin,
fat,
glucose
were
measured,
intakes
calculated.
A
linear
mixed
model
fitted
assess
within-feed
circadian
variation
feed
concentration,
several
components.
average
infant
intake
879
g/24
h.
Significantly
higher
pre-feed
found
for
adiponectin
lower
post-feed
insulin
fat.
Significant
rhythms
displayed
(both
concentration
intake),
fat
volume.
These
findings
demonstrate
necessity
setting
up
standardised
rigorous
sampling
procedures
that
consider
both
gain
a
more
precise
impacts
on
health,
growth
development.