Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 2

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 117, С. S28 - S42

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental protecting, communicating important information to support, promoting optimal development growth infants. Despite decades research, however, multifaceted impacts human consumption on infant health far from understood a biological or physiological basis. Reasons this lack comprehensive knowledge functions numerous, including fact tend be studied isolation, although there reason believe they interact. In addition, composition can vary greatly within an individual well among populations. The objective working group Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was provide overview composition, factors impacting its variation, how may function coordinately nourish, protect, communicate complex recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss ways whereby might interact such benefits intact matrix greater than sum parts. We then apply several examples illustrate better thought system rather more simplistic "mixture" independent synergistically support health.

Язык: Английский

---

Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 1

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 117, С. S11 - S27

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

The goal of Working Group 1 in the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to outline factors influencing biological processes governing human milk secretion and evaluate our current knowledge these processes. Many regulate mammary gland development utero, during puberty, pregnancy, through secretory activation, at weaning. These include breast anatomy, vasculature, diet, lactating parent's hormonal milieu including estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone. We examine effects time day postpartum interval on secretion, along with role mechanisms parent-infant interactions bonding, particular attention actions oxytocin pleasure systems brain. then consider potential clinical conditions infection, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, cardiovascular health, inflammatory states, mastitis, particularly, gestational diabetes obesity. Although we know a great deal about transporter by which zinc calcium pass from blood stream into milk, cellular localization transporters that carry substrates such as glucose, amino acids, copper, many other trace metals present across plasma intracellular membranes require more research. pose question how cultured alveolar cells animal models can help answer lingering questions regulation secretion. raise parent infant microbiome immune system development, molecules protection pathogens. Finally, effect medications, recreational illicit drugs, pesticides, endocrine-disrupting chemicals composition, emphasizing this area needs much research attention.

Язык: Английский

---

Body Composition in Preterm Infants: Current Insights and Emerging Perspectives

Children, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 12(1), С. 53 - 53

Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2025

In recent years, significant advancements in respiratory and nutritional care have markedly improved the survival rates of preterm infants enhanced long-term health outcomes. Despite these improvements, emerging research highlights lasting impacts early growth patterns on an individual’s trajectory. Adults born prematurely face a higher incidence issues related to their birth. The American Academy Pediatrics recommends that should achieve similar those fetuses, with clinicians emphasizing nutrition delivery help reach expected weight for gestational age. However, this approach often results altered body composition, characterized by increased fat mass decreased fat-free compared full-term infants. Air displacement plethysmography stands out as highly reliable method measuring while DEXA scans, despite reliability, tend overestimate fat. Other methods include bioelectric impedance, isotope dilution, MRI, ultrasound, skinfold thickness, each its own strengths limitations. paper, we aim raise awareness among neonatal about importance achieving acceptable composition. We discuss pros cons different composition measurement methods, impact other factors infants, follow-up data, potential use data tailor interventions NICU post-discharge settings. This comprehensive is designed optimize outcomes newborns focusing from stage.

Язык: Английский

---

Evidence for human milk as a biological system and recommendations for study design—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 4

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 117, С. S61 - S86

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

Human milk contains all of the essential nutrients required by infant within a complex matrix that enhances bioavailability many those nutrients. In addition, human is source bioactive components, living cells and microbes facilitate transition to life outside womb. Our ability fully appreciate importance this relies on recognition short- long-term health benefits and, as highlighted in previous sections supplement, its ecology (i.e., interactions among lactating parent breastfed well context itself). Designing interpreting studies address complexity depends availability new tools technologies account for such complexity. Past efforts have often compared formula, which has provided some insight into bioactivity milk, whole, or individual components supplemented with formula. However, experimental approach cannot capture contributions ecology, interaction between these matrix, significance itself enhance outcomes interest. This paper presents approaches explore biological system functional implications components. Specifically, we discuss study design data collection considerations how emerging analytical technologies, bioinformatics, systems biology could be applied advance our understanding critical aspect biology.

Язык: Английский

---

Infant factors that impact the ecology of human milk secretion and composition—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 3

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 117, С. S43 - S60

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

Infants drive many lactation processes and contribute to the changing composition of human milk through multiple mechanisms. This review addresses major topics removal; chemosensory ecology for parent–infant dyad; infant's inputs into microbiome; impact disruptions in gestation on fetal infant phenotypes, composition, lactation. Milk removal, which is essential adequate intake continued synthesis hormonal autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, should be effective, efficient, comfortable both lactating parent infant. All 3 components included evaluation removal. Breastmilk "bridges" flavor experiences utero with postweaning foods, flavors become familiar preferred. can detect changes resulting from parental lifestyle choices, including recreational drug use, early sensory properties these drugs subsequent behavioral responses. Interactions between own developing microbiome, that milk, environmental factors are drivers—both modifiable nonmodifiable—in microbial explored. Disruptions gestation, especially preterm birth growth restriction or excess, such as timing secretory activation, adequacy volume duration Research gaps identified each areas. To assure a sustained robust breastfeeding ecology, myriad must systematically considered.

Язык: Английский

---

Human Milk Microbiota Across Lactation Stages and Free Glutamate Concentrations in Healthy Ecuadorian Women

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(5), С. 805 - 805

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2025

Background/Objectives: There is limited information on human milk (HM) microbiome composition and function in Latin America. Also, interactions between HM constituents its have received partial attention. Objective: To characterize the microbiota considering lactation stages (colostrum, transition, mature HM) free glutamate concentrations Ecuadorian mothers. Methods: We recruited 20 mothers that gave birth to normal full-term babies donated colostrum, milk. Samples were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Free measured proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: For each stage order of frequency, majority ASVs assigned Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, (Firmicutes); Escherichia, Acinetobacter, (Proteobacteria); Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Cutibacterium, (Actinobacteriota); Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium (Bacteroidota). Alfa diversity was similar samples tended be higher intended for male infants. observed significant differences qualitative β-diversity metrics with low high concentrations. Functional predictions demonstrated presence polyamine biosynthesis II super pathway Conclusions: The core bacterial components women those reported from different parts world, variations at genus level. dynamics need studied maternal production metabolism better understand optimal infant nutrition.

Язык: Английский

---

An equitable, community-engaged translational framework for science in human lactation and infant feeding—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 5

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 117, С. S87 - S105

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

Human milk is the ideal source of nutrition for most infants, but significant gaps remain in our understanding human biology. As part addressing these gaps, Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project Working Groups 1-4 interrogated state knowledge regarding infant-human milk-lactating parent triad. However, to optimize impact newly generated across all stages research, need remained a translational research framework specific field. Thus, with inspiration from simplified environmental sciences Kaufman and Curl, Group 5 BEGIN developed science lactation infant feeding, which includes nonlinear, interconnected stages, T1: Discovery; T2: health implications; T3: Clinical public T4: Implementation; T5: Impact. The accompanied by 6 overarching principles: 1) Research spans continuum nonhierarchical manner; 2) Projects engage interdisciplinary teams continuous collaboration cross talk; 3) Priorities study designs incorporate diverse range contextual factors; 4) include community stakeholders outset through purposeful, ethical, equitable engagement; 5) conceptual models respectful care birthing address implications lactating parent; 6) real-world settings account factors surrounding feeding milk, including exclusivity mode feeding. To demonstrate application presented its principles, case studies are included, each illustrating framework. Applying approach an important step toward aligned goals optimizing contexts as well all.

Язык: Английский

---

Circadian Variation in Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(17), С. 3729 - 3729

Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2023

There is an inadequate understanding of the daily variations in hormones and macronutrients human milk (HM), sample collection protocols vary considerably from study to study. To investigate changes these components across 24 h, 22 lactating women collected small samples before after each breastfeed or expression breast. Test weighing was used determine volume HM consumed feed. The concentrations leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, glucose were measured, intakes calculated. A linear mixed model fitted assess within-feed circadian variation feed concentration, several components. average infant intake 879 g/24 h. Significantly higher pre-feed found for adiponectin lower post-feed insulin fat. Significant rhythms displayed (both concentration intake), fat volume. These findings demonstrate necessity setting up standardised rigorous sampling procedures that consider both gain a more precise impacts on health, growth development.

Язык: Английский

---

Protocol: the International Milk Composition (IMiC) Consortium - a Harmonized Secondary Analysis of Human Milk from 4 Studies

Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2025

Язык: Английский

---

Infant Feeding Behavior Development to 12 Months with Typical and Slower-Flow Artificial Nipples

Appetite, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 108160 - 108160

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

---