Lithium in cardiovascular health and disease: Pharmacological and clinical implications

European Journal of Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 177657 - 177657

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Lithium, a cornerstone therapy for bipolar disorder (BD), produces complex and dual effects on cardiovascular health. This review synthesizes current evidence the direct indirect of lithium. Direct include dose-dependent influences cardiac development, hypertrophy, fibrosis, mitochondrial function, arrhythmia. While therapeutic doses may confer cardioprotective benefits by inhibiting GSK-3β, which activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway modulates anti-inflammatory pathways, supratherapeutic levels exacerbate oxidative stress, dysfunction, arrhythmogenicity. Indirectly, lithium outcomes caused renal metabolic syndrome, neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Clinical studies suggested that there is reduced mortality in lithium-treated BD patients, potentially offsetting its adverse effects. However, conflicting persists, particularly regarding dose specificity long-term outcomes. Future research should focus high-quality clinical trials to clarify balance between ensure safe effective use practice.

Язык: Английский

The New Perspective of Alzheimer's Disease Research: Mechanism and Therapeutic Strategy of Neuronal Senescence

Ageing Research Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 102593 - 102593

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский