IEEE Access,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12, С. 73561 - 73580
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
The
agricultural
sector
is
still
a
major
provider
of
many
countries'
economies,
but
diseases
that
continuously
infect
plants
represent
continuous
threats
to
agriculture
and
cause
massive
losses
the
country's
economy.
In
this
study,
lightweight
convolutional
neural
network
model
called
FL-ToLeD
was
proposed
for
tomato
disease
classification
based
on
soft
attention
mechanism
with
depth-wise
separable
convolution
layer.
With
size
2.5
MB
221,594
trainable
parameters,
achieved
99.5%,
99.10%,
99.04%
training,
validation
testing
accuracy
respectively,
99
%
each
precision,
recall,
f1-score,
it
also
99.90%
ROC-AUC
average
inference
time
2.06924
μs.
outperformed
H.
Ulutaş
(2023)
by
2.2%
in
terms
accuracy,
recall
f1-score.
Additionally,
performed
better
than
M.
Agarwal
(2023),
Abbas
(2021),
S.
Verma
(2020)
f1-score
8%,
2%,
6%,
respectively.
It
Arshad
4.77%,
8.92%,
35.18%
5.11%
Furthermore,
90
times
smaller
size.
All
makes
more
suitable
low-end
devices
precision
agriculture.
Heliyon,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
11(4), С. e42575 - e42575
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025
Agricultural
productivity
is
essential
for
global
economic
development
by
ensuring
food
security,
boosting
incomes
and
supporting
employment.
It
enhances
stability,
reduces
poverty
promotes
sustainable
growth,
creating
a
robust
foundation
overall
progress
improved
quality
of
life
worldwide.
However,
crop
diseases
can
significantly
affect
agricultural
output
resources.
The
early
detection
these
to
minimize
losses
maximize
production.
In
this
study,
novel
Deep
Learning
(DL)
model
called
Explainable
Lightweight
Tomato
Leaf
Disease
Network
(XLTLDisNet)
has
been
proposed.
proposed
trained
evaluated
using
publicly
available
PlantVillage
tomato
leaf
disease
dataset
containing
ten
classes
including
healthy
images.
By
leveraging
different
data
augmentation
techniques,
the
approach
achieved
an
impressive
accuracy
97.24%,
precision
97.20%,
recall
96.70%
F1-score
97.10%.
Additionally,
explainable
AI
techniques
such
as
Gradient-weighted
Class
Activation
Mapping
(GRAD-CAM)
Local
Interpretable
Model-agnostic
Explanations
(LIME)
have
integrated
into
enhance
explainability
interpretability
study.
Remarkable
inter-class
similarity
and
intra-class
variability
of
tomato
leaf
diseases
seriously
affect
the
accuracy
identification
models.
A
novel
disease
model,
DWTFormer,
based
on
frequency-spatial
feature
fusion,
was
proposed
to
address
this
issue.
Firstly,
a
Bneck-DSM
module
designed
extract
shallow
features,
laying
groundwork
for
deep
extraction.
Then,
dual-branch
mapping
network
(DFMM)
multi-scale
features
from
frequency
spatial
domain
information.
In
branch,
2D
discrete
wavelet
transform
decomposition
effectively
captured
rich
information
in
image,
compensating
convolution
PVT
(Pyramid
Vision
Transformer)-based
developed
global
local
enabling
comprehensive
representation.
Finally,
dual-domain
fusion
model
dynamic
cross-attention
fuse
features.
Experimental
results
dataset
demonstrated
that
DWTFormer
achieved
99.28%
accuracy,
outperforming
most
existing
mainstream
Furthermore,
96.18%
99.89%
accuracies
have
been
obtained
AI
Challenger
2018
PlantVillage
datasets.
In-field
experiments
an
97.22%
average
inference
time
0.028
seconds
real
plant
environments.
This
work
has
reduced
impact
identification.
It
provides
scalable
reference
fast
accurate
Frontiers in Plant Science,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2025
Tomatoes
are
one
of
the
most
economically
significant
crops
worldwide,
with
their
yield
and
quality
heavily
impacted
by
foliar
diseases.
Effective
detection
these
diseases
is
essential
for
enhancing
agricultural
productivity
mitigating
economic
losses.
Current
tomato
leaf
disease
methods,
however,
encounter
challenges
in
extracting
multi-scale
features,
identifying
small
targets,
complex
background
interference.
The
model
Tomato
Focus-Diffusion
Network
(TomaFDNet)
was
proposed
to
solve
above
problems.
utilizes
a
focus-diffusion
network
(MSFDNet)
alongside
an
efficient
parallel
convolutional
module
(EPMSC)
significantly
enhance
extraction
features.
This
combination
particularly
strengthens
model's
capability
detect
targets
amidst
backgrounds.
Experimental
results
show
that
TomaFDNet
reaches
mean
average
precision
(mAP)
83.1%
detecting
Early_blight,
Late_blight,
Leaf_Mold
on
leaves,
outperforming
classical
object
algorithms,
including
Faster
R-CNN
(mAP
=
68.2%)
You
Only
Look
Once
(YOLO)
series
(v5:
mAP
75.5%,
v7:
78.3%,
v8:
78.9%,
v9:
79%,
v10:
77.5%,
v11:
79.2%).
Compared
baseline
YOLOv8
model,
achieves
4.2%
improvement
mAP,
which
statistically
(P
<
0.01).
These
findings
indicate
offers
valid
solution
precise