The Environmental Impacts of Overpopulation

Encyclopedia, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 5(2), С. 45 - 45

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

Overpopulation’s central role in environmental degradation is intermittently challenged. This article assesses the impact of mounting demographic pressures on six critical global sustainability challenges: deforestation, climate change, biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, water scarcity, and soil degradation. By synthesizing findings from hundreds peer-reviewed studies, offers a comprehensive review effects expanding human populations most pressing current problems. Although rate population growth worldwide slowing, numbers are expected to continue increasing Earth until end century. Current research confirms that overpopulation causes substantial potentially irreversible impacts cannot be ignored if international policy effective.

Язык: Английский

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Spatial patterns and drivers of smallholder oil palm expansion within peat swamp forests of Riau, Indonesia

Environmental Research Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 17(4), С. 044015 - 044015

Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2022

Abstract Protecting the tropical peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia is critical for addressing global sustainability challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, more than half of these have been lost since 1990 due to rapid expansion drainage-based agriculture forestry. Within oil palm sector, number regional smallholder plantings on soils has risen quickly. These activities are challenging govern manage, their fragmented nature numerous farmers involved. It imperative understand spatial distribution drivers palm-related conversion forests. In contrast existing studies based farm surveys, we used state-of-art maps plantings, derived from 2019 remote sensing data. Spatial data about socioeconomic biophysical factors (e.g. mills, roads, water ways, concessions) was then develop logistic regression models investigate relative influence factors. We show that patterns distinct those industrial plantations, revealing roles especially service residential roads tracks, driving within peatlands. found 90% areas were located 2 km 25 mills. The mean likelihood a given land area being converted declined rapidly with increasing distance addition use zones setting concessions migration settlements) other environmental precipitation elevation) identified important peatland. Based findings, identify priority regions protection remaining Indonesia discuss strategies tackling local scales.

Язык: Английский

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Recent Active Fires in Indonesia’s Southern Papua Province Caused by El Niño Conditions

Remote Sensing, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(11), С. 2709 - 2709

Опубликована: Май 23, 2023

This study was conducted to identify the fire weather conditions needed assess future peatland fires under climate change. Recent in Indonesia have resulted globally significant environmental impacts. Nevertheless, diurnal peatlands has not been clarified. The objective of this determine An analysis using data during most active period 2015 showed a strong wind speed 35.7 km h−1 at 3 p.m. that continued blow for about two weeks, suggesting became very these conditions. temperature increase rate (ΔT), RH decrease (ΔRH), and (ΔWS) morning hours from 6:00 a.m. 9:00 were 2.3 °C h−1, −10.3% 5.2 (km h−1) respectively. These parameters will be used predict occurrences fires. results report may help activity high temperatures based on predictions global warming made by other researchers. rapid air useful forecast Papua.

Язык: Английский

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Genomic and Acoustic Biogeography of the Iconic Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo Clarifies Species Limits and Patterns of Intraspecific Diversity

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 41(11)

Опубликована: Окт. 24, 2024

Abstract Many highly recognizable species lack genetic data important for conservation due to neglect over their hyperabundance. This likely applies the Sulfur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita), one of world's most iconic parrots. The is native Australia, New Guinea, and some surrounding Melanesian islands latter. Four subspecies are currently recognised based on morphology. Australian populations abundant, but several factors threaten those in Guinea Melanesia. Genetic from natural scarce—information that vital identifying evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) modern planning. We used whole-genome resequencing investigate patterns differentiation, evolutionary affinities, demographic history across C. galerita's distribution range assess whether represent ESUs. complement this with an assessment bioacoustic variation species' landscape. Our results point galerita sensu lato (s.l.) comprising two species. restrict stricto (s.s.) Australia Trans-Fly ecodomain southern Guinea. second species, here as Cacatua triton, occurs much rest Restricting further discussion intraspecific diversity we show within s.s. ESUs exist, which align eastern fitzroyi northern north-western Australia. suggest evolution these linked Middle Late Pleistocene glacial cycles effects sea level preferential habitats. argue assessments need updating, protection forest woodland habitats reintroductions require careful management avoid possible negative hybridization non-complementary lineages.

Язык: Английский

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Papua at the Crossroads: A Plea for Systematic Conservation Planning in One of the Largest Remaining Areas of Tropical Rainforest

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 5

Опубликована: Фев. 11, 2022

Land-use change has progressed rapidly throughout the Indonesian archipelago and is now intruding into western New Guinea (Tanah Papua), one of world’s last wilderness areas with extensive tracts pristine highly diverse tropical rainforests. Tanah Papua reached a crossroads between accelerating environmental degradation sustainable development policies entailing landscape-scale conservation targets, pledged in Manokwari Declaration. We assessed representation ecoregions elevational zones within Papua’s protected area network to identify its shortcomings at broad spatial scales. Lowland are less than mountainous regions, half southern lowlands designated for land-use concessions. Under direct threat from change, political motivation toward conservation- culture-centered land management provides window opportunity scientifically guided, proactive planning that integrates benefit Indigenous communities.

Язык: Английский

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Secondary Succession after Slash-and-Burn Cultivation in Papuan Lowland Forest, Indonesia

Forests, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(3), С. 434 - 434

Опубликована: Март 10, 2022

Papuan forests have been subjected to shifting cultivation for centuries by indigenous people affecting the ecological processes therein; during secondary succession, fallow recover naturally. However, information on succession after swidden practices remains poorly understood in lowland forests. This study aimed examine plant species richness and density of different lifeforms fallows increasing time slash-and-burn along with basic edaphic factors. We performed data collection northern part evergreen tropical forest near Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia. The sampling consisted 26 plots distributed primary (n = 6) secondary/fallow 2-, 4-, 7-, 9-years 5 each age class). community clearly differed from was about twice as high compared trees shrubs increased whereas that lianas declined. soil fertility declined forests, although organic matter greatest two years then decreased gradually over time. research underlined alter conditions will take a long fully resemble forest. Hence, monitoring vegetation process is necessary inform conservation programs.

Язык: Английский

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First fossil-leaf floras from Brunei Darussalam show dipterocarp dominance in Borneo by the Pliocene

PeerJ, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 10, С. e12949 - e12949

Опубликована: Март 24, 2022

The Malay Archipelago is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, but it suffers high extinction risks due to severe anthropogenic pressures. Paleobotanical knowledge provides baselines for conservation living analogs and improved understanding vegetation, biogeography, paleoenvironments through time. Malesian bioregion well studied palynologically, there have been very few investigations Cenozoic paleobotany (plant macrofossils) in a century or more. We report first paleobotanical survey Brunei Darussalam, sultanate north coast Borneo that still preserves majority its extraordinarily diverse, old-growth tropical rainforests. discovered abundant compression floras dominated by angiosperm leaves at two sites probable Pliocene age: Berakas Beach, Liang Formation, Kampong Lugu, an undescribed stratigraphic unit. Both also yielded rich palynofloral assemblages from macrofossil-bearing beds, indicating lowland fern-dominated swamp (Berakas Beach) mangrove (Kampong Lugu) depositional environments. Fern spores least nine families dominate both palynological assemblages, along with fungal freshwater algal remains, rare marine microplankton, four genera, diverse rainforest tree liana contribution (at 19 families) scarce pollen Dipterocarpaceae, today’s dominant regional life form. Compressed reproductive material represent influx depocenters adjacent coastal Although only about 40% specimens preserve informative details, we can distinguish 23 leaf morphotypes among sites. Dipterocarps are far group providing rare, localized evidence dipterocarp-dominated rainforests before Pleistocene. dipterocarp fossils include winged Shorea fruits, species plicate Dipterocarpus leaves, common Dryobalanops leaves. attribute additional taxa Rhamnaceae ( Ziziphus ), Melastomataceae, Araceae Rhaphidophora all new fossil records region. dominance contrasts sharply family’s <1% representation palynofloras same strata. This result directly demonstrates prone strong taphonomic filtering underscores importance macrofossils quantifying timing dipterocarps’ rise Our work shows complex dipterocarps, swamps mangroves otherwise similar modern ecosystems, existed 4–5 million years. findings add historical impetus these gravely imperiled extremely ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Environment‐dependent influence of fruit size upon the distribution of the Malesian archipelagic flora

Plants People Planet, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 5(5), С. 712 - 721

Опубликована: Дек. 16, 2022

Societal Impact Statement We found evidence that larger fruited plant species are more likely to be in aseasonal wet areas of Malesia. These impacted by increasing human encroachment, which threatens both large‐fruited and the large fauna most responsible for their dispersal. This synergistic threat could drive loss fruit‐crop relatives potentially have key traits resilient fruit crops future. Summary It is unclear how size determines distributions megadiverse tropical flora. Energetic constraints ecosystems suggest with should higher productivity, tropics. However, probability seed dispersal over scales increased fruits being smaller, due available a greater number agents. use Bayesian phylogenetic model occurrence >3400 Malesia test environment interact determine across archipelago. show occur areas. also smaller was associated mountainous Fruit interacts environmental variables shape Malesian islands. The evolutionary processes influence patterns we observed require further examination.

Язык: Английский

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Indigenous Community Perspectives on Forest Area Protection Governance Policy

Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), Год журнала: 2023, Номер 1(2), С. 122 - 132

Опубликована: Май 30, 2023

The objective of this study is to objectively analyze and examine the legal protection community regarding status area land in West Lampung Regency. This research sociolegal because it only determines law as a social phenomenon. was conducted Regency location Sukapura Village, Sumberjaya District, Regency, forest disputed area. results authors can be concluded, firstly, that regulation tenure over cannot provide for indigenous peoples because, several findings, known holder rights are recorded first time registration book. Second, valid order check land. In event means proof referred paragraph 1 not available or no longer available, carried out based on fact parcel question has physically been possession twenty years more consecutively by applicant preliminary introduction with conditions.

Язык: Английский

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How well does the implementation of corporate zero-deforestation commitments in Indonesia align with aims to halt deforestation and include smallholders?

Environmental Research Letters, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 19(4), С. 044054 - 044054

Опубликована: Март 28, 2024

Abstract In response to growing scrutiny surrounding commodity-driven deforestation, companies have introduced zero-deforestation commitments (ZDCs) with ambitious environmental and social targets. However, such initiatives may not effectively reduce deforestation if they are aligned the spatial extent of remaining forests at risk. They also fail avert socio-economic risks ZDCs do consider smallholder farmers’ needs. We assess functional fit by mapping risks, comparing them coverage implementation in Indonesian palm oil sector. Our study finds that companies’ often underperform four areas: traceability, compliance support for high-risk mills, transparency, inclusion. 2020, only one-third sourcing from their own just 6% those external suppliers, achieved full traceability plantations. Comparing reach adopted downstream buyers mill owners located further upstream, we find high-quality covered 62% risk, while owners’ 23% risk within supply base. Kalimantan Papua, current future frontiers, most conversion were predominantly weak lacking policy comprehensiveness implementation. Additionally, 46% independent plots sheds whose offer programs smallholders, indicating inclusion is a significant challenge ZDC companies. These results highlight lack alignment between chain policies local context as gap EU Deforestation Regulation will face.

Язык: Английский

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