Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Trends in Neurosciences, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 37(1), С. 1 - 9

Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2013

•Photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate behavior and physiology.•ipRGCs use melanopsin-dependent intrinsic light responses rod/cone inputs.•The relative contribution of each photoreceptor to evoked is not fully understood.•A method for quantifying presented that accounts complex photoreceptive inputs.•Guidance those designing architectural therapeutic lighting provided. Light a potent stimulus regulating circadian, hormonal, behavioral systems. In addition, therapy effective certain affective disorders, sleep problems, circadian rhythm disruption. These biological effects are influenced by distinct in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs), addition conventional rods cones. We summarize neurophysiology this newly described sensory pathway consider implications measurement, production, application light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account inputs these non-visual proposed researchers, simple suggestions artificial/architectural provided regulatory authorities, manufacturers, designers, engineers. During past three decades, empirical evidence has demonstrated many aspects human physiology illumination [1Aschoff J. Biological Rhythms (Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology No. 4). Plenum, 1981Google Scholar, 2Wurtman R.J. et al.The Medical Effects Light. The New York Academy Sciences, 1985Google 3Wetterberg L. Man. Pergamon Press, 1993Google 4Lam R.W. Beyond Seasonal Affective Disorder: Treatment SAD non-SAD Disorders. American Psychiatric 1996Google Scholar]. Such originate eye but separate from other vision insofar as they unrelated particular spatial patterns exposure, can survive even some blind subjects. Consequently, types have been commonly referred non-image-forming or non-visual. catch-all terms encompass wide array response types. most influential light-induced phase resetting endogenous clocks. Because rhythmicity feature nearly every physiological, metabolic, system, phenomenon brings processes under indirect control. this, term come growing list more acute together ensure day-like physiological state. Thus, example, constricts pupil, suppresses pineal melatonin increases heart rate core body temperature, stimulates cortisol acts neurophysiological stimulant (increasing subjective objective measures alertness psychomotor reaction time, reducing lapses attention). Appreciation basic biology led development number applications. shown anti-depressant properties, particularly treatment seasonal disorder (SAD) its subclinical variant sSAD [3Wetterberg Appropriately timed exposure also developed circadian-rhythm disorders disruption associated with jetlag, shift work, space flight. 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Most commercially available photometers weighting function termed photopic luminous efficiency (or Vλ), reflects long- middle-wavelength-sensitive cones [11CIE l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1924, Cambridge University Press1926Google Depending geometric interest, intensity (units lumens/sr candelas, cd), luminance (cd/m2), illuminance (lm/m2 lux) determined output devices. Between 1980 2000, great majority studies endocrine, behavioral, quantified stimuli (lux) lux meters were readily inexpensive because tool choice photographic professions. Two related branches investigation since practice inadequate. 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Язык: Английский

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Jet lag: trends and coping strategies

The Lancet, Год журнала: 2007, Номер 369(9567), С. 1117 - 1129

Опубликована: Март 1, 2007

Язык: Английский

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Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression

Applied Ergonomics, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 44(2), С. 237 - 240

Опубликована: Июль 31, 2012

Язык: Английский

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Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the National Toxicology Program's workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 607-608, С. 1073 - 1084

Опубликована: Июль 27, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans

Journal of Applied Physiology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 110(3), С. 619 - 626

Опубликована: Дек. 17, 2010

Light suppresses melatonin in humans, with the strongest response occurring short-wavelength portion of spectrum between 446 and 477 nm that appears blue. Blue monochromatic light has also been shown to be more effective than longer-wavelength for enhancing alertness. Disturbed circadian rhythms sleep loss have described as risk factors astronauts NASA ground control workers, well civilians. Such disturbances can result impaired alertness diminished performance. Prior exposing subjects from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (peak λ = 469 nm; 1/2 peak bandwidth 26 nm), ocular safety exposure blue LED was confirmed by an independent hazard analysis using American Conference Governmental Industrial Hygienists limits. Subsequently, a fluence-response curve developed plasma suppression healthy (n 8; mean age 23.9 ± 0.5 years) exposed range irradiances light. Subjects freely reactive pupils were 2:00 3:30 AM. Blood samples collected before after exposures quantified melatonin. The results demonstrate increasing narrowband blue-appearing elicit (P < 0.0001). data fit sigmoidal (R(2) 0.99; ED(50) 14.19 μW/cm(2)). A comparison 40 μW/cm(2) 4,000 K broadband white fluorescent light, currently used most general lighting fixtures, suggests narrow may stronger suppressing

Язык: Английский

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Circadian photoreception: ageing and the eye's important role in systemic health

British Journal of Ophthalmology, Год журнала: 2008, Номер 92(11), С. 1439 - 1444

Опубликована: Авг. 29, 2008

To analyse how age-related losses in crystalline lens transmittance and pupillary area affect circadian photoreception compare the performance of phakic pseudophakic individuals same age.The spectral sensitivity peaks blue part spectrum at approximately 460 nm. Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells send unconscious information about environmental illumination to non-visual brain centres including human body's master biological clock suprachiasmatic nuclei. This permits physiology be optimised aligned with geophysical day-night cycles using neural hormonal messengers melatonin. Age-related spectra lenses photopic pupil diameter are used melatonin suppression intraocular (IOLs) ageing IOL chromophores photoreception.Ageing increases light absorption decreases resulting progressive loss photoreception. A 10-year-old child has 10-fold greater than a 95-year-old adult. 45-year-old adult retains only half early youth. Pseudophakia improves all ages, particularly UV-only blocking IOLs which transmit wavelengths optimal for photoreception.Non-visual photoreceptor responses bright, properly timed exposures help assure effective photoentrainment diurnal physiological processes. Circadian can persist visually blind if cell photoreceptors their connections intact. Retinal due miosis reduced transmission especially short wavelengths. Inadequate and/or cause disruption, increasing risk insomnia, depression, numerous systemic disorders possibly mortality. Artificial lighting is dimmer less blue-weighted natural daylight, contributing Optimal design should consider requirements both conscious

Язык: Английский

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Modelling the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system

Lighting Research & Technology, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 44(4), С. 386 - 396

Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2011

It is now well established that the spectral, spatial, temporal and absolute sensitivities of human circadian system are very different from those visual system. Although qualitative comparisons between systems can be made, there still remains some uncertainty in quantitatively predicting exactly how will respond to light exposures reaching retina. This paper discusses attempts model spectral sensitivity Each models discussed here varies terms its complexity consideration retinal neuroanatomy neurophysiology. Future testing validate or improve any these computational require a targeted hypothesis, as suitably high level experimental control before one rejected favour another. Until specific hypotheses formulated tested, it would premature recommend international acceptance photometry.

Язык: Английский

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A “Melanopic” Spectral Efficiency Function Predicts the Sensitivity of Melanopsin Photoreceptors to Polychromatic Lights

Journal of Biological Rhythms, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 26(4), С. 314 - 323

Опубликована: Июль 19, 2011

Photoreception in the mammalian retina is not restricted to rods and cones but extends a small number of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells expressing photopigment melanopsin. These mRGCs are especially important contributors circadian entrainment, pupil light reflex, other so-called nonimage-forming (NIF) responses. The spectral sensitivity melanopsin phototransduction has been addressed several species by comparing responses range monochromatic stimuli. resultant action spectra match predicted profile an opsin:vitamin A–based (nomogram) with peak (λ max ) around 480 nm. It would be most useful able use this function predict melanopsin’s broad-spectrum, including “white,” lights. However, evidence that bistable pigment intrinsic light-dependent bleach recovery mechanism raises possibility more complex relationship between quality photoreceptor response. Here, we set out empirically determine whether simply weighting optical power at each wavelength according 480-nm nomogram integrating across spectrum could variety polychromatic We show pupillomotor mice relying solely on for their photosensitivity ( rd/rd cl) can indeed accurately using methodology. Our data therefore suggest may employed as basis new photometric measure intensity (which term “melanopic”) relevant photoreception. They further measuring these terms predicts response divergent composition much reliably than methods quantifying irradiance or illuminance currently widespread use.

Язык: Английский

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Circadian light

Journal of Circadian Rhythms, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 8(0), С. 2 - 2

Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2010

The present paper reflects a work in progress toward definition of circadian light, one that should be informed by the thoughtful, century-old evolution our light as stimulus for human visual system. This is based upon functional relationship between optical radiation and its effects on nocturnal melatonin suppression, large part because basic data are available literature. Discussed here fundamental differences responses systems to radiation. Brief reviews photometry, colorimetry, brightness perception presented foundation discussion light. Finally, (CL_A) (CS) calculation procedures published mathematical model phototransduction with an example.

Язык: Английский

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The impact of daytime light exposures on sleep and mood in office workers

Sleep Health, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 3(3), С. 204 - 215

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2017

Язык: Английский

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