Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging

Archives of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 97(10), С. 2499 - 2574

Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2023

Abstract A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” characterized by low to mild levels oxidants involved in the regulation various biochemical transformations such carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, modulation signal transduction pathways Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related 2 (Nrf2) other processes. Increased ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result a harmful condition stress (“bad stress”). Although it widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial origin, they share common denominator. Here we review importance mechanisms through which contributes pathological states an organism. Attention focused on chemistry ROS RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), their role damage DNA, proteins, membrane lipids. Quantitative qualitative assessment biomarkers also discussed. Oxidative pathology cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Down syndrome), psychiatric (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, cancer), aging. The concerted action antioxidants ameliorate effect achieved antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), small molecular weight (vitamins C E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, others). Perhaps one most effective vitamin first line defense against peroxidation promising approach appears be use flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties may boost cellular systems thus act preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds potential pharmaceutical interventions sirtuins therapeutic targets for age-related anti-aging strategies

Язык: Английский

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Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants

Archives of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 98(5), С. 1323 - 1367

Опубликована: Март 14, 2024

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production elimination is termed oxidative stress, critical factor common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases), other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects ROS, organisms have evolved complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line mechanism most efficient involves enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line plays an irreplaceable role in dismutation radicals (O 2 ·− ) hydrogen peroxide (H O ). removal by SOD prevents formation much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO − + NO · → maintains physiologically relevant level nitric oxide (NO ), important molecule neurotransmission, inflammation, vasodilation. second-line pathway exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. third-line ensured repair oxidized proteins biomolecules variety enzyme review briefly discusses endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources (superoxide radical, peroxide, hydroxyl peroxyl hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given system provided SOD, CAT, GPx. chemical molecular mechanisms enzymes, enzyme-related (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, GPx4) cellular processes ferroptosis discussed. Potential therapeutic applications mimics recent progress metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) also Moreover, attention action low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), (GSH)), activation transcription factors Nrf2, protection against diseases. Given that there discrepancy preclinical clinical studies, approaches may result greater pharmacological success therapies subject discussion.

Язык: Английский

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ATF3/SPI1/SLC31A1 Signaling Promotes Cuproptosis Induced by Advanced Glycosylation End Products in Diabetic Myocardial Injury

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(2), С. 1667 - 1667

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2023

Cuproptosis resulting from copper (Cu) overload has not yet been investigated in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) induced by persistent hyperglycemia play an essential role cardiotoxicity. To clarify whether cuproptosis was involved AGEs-induced cardiotoxicity, we analyzed the toxicity of AGEs and AC16 cardiomyocytes STZ-induced or db/db-diabetic mouse models. The results showed that ionophore elesclomol cardiomyocytes. It only rescued chelator tetrathiomolybdate rather than other cell death inhibitors. Intriguingly, triggered cardiomyocyte aggravated it when incubated with CuCl2 elesclomol-CuCl2. Moreover, increased intracellular accumulation exhibited features cuproptosis, including loss Fe-S cluster proteins (FDX1, LIAS, NDUFS8 ACO2) decreased lipoylation DLAT DLST. These effects were accompanied mitochondrial oxidative respiration, downregulated respiratory chain complex, ATP production suppressed complex I III activity. Additionally, promoted upregulation importer SLC31A1. We predicted ATF3 and/or SPI1 might be transcriptional factors SLC31A1 online databases validated ATF3/SPI1 overexpression. In mice, increases blood heart observed cardiac dysfunction. protein mRNA profile changes hearts consistent cuproptosis. Our findings showed, for first time, excessive diabetes upregulated ATF3/SPI1/SLC31A1 signaling, thereby disturbing homeostasis promoting Collectively, novel mechanism alternative potential therapeutic target DCM.

Язык: Английский

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Environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and ecotoxicology of heavy metals

Chemistry and Ecology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 40(3), С. 322 - 349

Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2024

Heavy metals, pervasive in the environment due to natural processes and human activities, pose substantial threats ecosystems health. This study aims delve into sources, contamination pathways waters, subsequent bioaccumulation of heavy metals across various organisms. The overview encompasses an exploration environmental persistence, dynamics, ecotoxicological impacts these metals. Methodologically, this research undertakes a comprehensive review synthesizing existing literature studies on metal contamination, mechanisms, ecotoxicity. Key findings highlight protracted persistence perpetuating significant ecological balance well-being. Notably, transfer through food chains culminates their diverse organisms, raising concerns about potential toxicity, including exposure. discussion underscores imperative nature assessing pollution its ramifications Emphasizing essential role bioindicators biomarkers, article elucidates significance evaluating metal-induced stressors impact both biota populations. contributes nuanced understanding advocating for proactive measures monitoring mitigating deleterious effects

Язык: Английский

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The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System

Biomedicines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(5), С. 1388 - 1388

Опубликована: Май 8, 2023

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of entire organism. gut microbiota generates variety metabolites and thereby regulates many biological processes, such as regulation immune system. In gut, bacteria are direct contact with host. major challenge here prevent unwanted inflammatory reactions on one hand other ensure system can be activated when pathogens invade. Here REDOX equilibrium utmost importance. This controlled by either directly or indirectly via bacterial-derived metabolites. A balanced microbiome sorts for stable balance, whereas dysbiosis destabilizes this equilibrium. An imbalanced status affects disrupting intracellular signaling promoting responses. we (i) focus most common reactive oxygen species (ROS) (ii) define transition from state oxidative stress. Further, (iii) describe ROS regulating Thereafter, (iv) examine influence homeostasis how shifts pro- anti-oxidative cellular conditions suppress promote responses inflammation.

Язык: Английский

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Micronutrients and their effects on Horticultural crop quality, productivity and sustainability

Scientia Horticulturae, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 323, С. 112512 - 112512

Опубликована: Окт. 13, 2023

Horticultural crop quality is an important aspect of agricultural production because it directly influences customer preference, market value, and overall sustainability. Micronutrients are for plant nutrition they affect the growth, development, horticultural crops. This review provides in-depth understanding role micronutrients in productivity. study investigated characteristics micronutrients, their functions growth most prevalent micronutrient deficits discusses obstacles issues associated with each treatment technique, including soil, foliar, fertigation application. It also emphasizes effects on quality, such as increased yield, improvements fruit attributes (size, color, flavor), nutritional value bioactive compounds, reduced postharvest losses, extended shelf life. Micronutrient plants have been studied, absorption, transport, accumulation, well interactions other nutrients signaling pathways. Recent research breakthroughs, studies specific synergies, innovative methods application formulation, developing technologies assessment, covered this review. The practical consequences recommendations management systems were investigated, concerns regarding sustainable efficient utilization future goals. Overall, underlines importance increasing productivity, potential influence subject.

Язык: Английский

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Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Health: From Metabolic Pathways to Current Therapeutic Implications

Life, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(5), С. 559 - 559

Опубликована: Апрель 26, 2024

The gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of diverse microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota, which play a pivotal role in breaking down undigested foods, such dietary fibers. Through fermentation these food components, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced, offering numerous health benefits host. production absorption SCFAs occur through various mechanisms within human intestine, contingent upon types fibers reaching specific engaged fermentation. Medical literature extensively documents supplementation SCFAs, particularly butyrate, treatment gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, gut-brain-related disorders. This review seeks provide an overview dynamics involved gut. Additionally, it will focus on roles promoting metabolic health, well their current therapeutic implications.

Язык: Английский

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Overview of the vital roles of macro minerals in the human body

Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 4, С. 100076 - 100076

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2023

Macro minerals, also known as macro elements, are minerals that required in large amounts the human body. part of biological structure body, play an important role metabolic processes, and participate almost all processes occur can be toxic if consumed quantities for extended period. There is some evidence to suggest calcium intake may associated with a lower risk obesity. However, relationship between obesity not well understood, more research needed fully understand link. Calcium has been studied its potential development certain types cancer, specifically colorectal breast prostate cancer. higher A deficiency macroelement refers lack one or essential by humans. Macroelement deficiencies lead various health problems, such anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, corrected. The macroelements blood cause many chronic diseases. Hormonal changes resulting from have consequences weight gain, obesity, increased cancer future. It maintain balanced diet ensure adequate elements.

Язык: Английский

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Assessing the nutritional quality of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom)

Frontiers in Nutrition, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2024

There is a huge gap between food production and the exploding population demands in various parts of world, especially developing countries. This increases chances malnutrition, leading to increased disease incidence need for functional foods reduce mortality. Pleurotus ostreatus are edible mushrooms that cheaply sourced rich nutrient with potential be harnessed toward addressing present future crisis while serving as prevention treatment. study evaluated nutritional, proximate, vitamins amino acids contents . The proximate composition this revealed it contains 43.42% carbohydrate, 23.63% crude fiber, 17.06% protein, 8.22% ash, 1.21% lipid moisture content 91.01 6.46% fresh dry samples ostreatus, respectively monosaccharide disaccharide profile presence glucose (55.08 g/100 g), xylose (7.19 fructose (19.70 galactose (17.47 trehalose (7.37 chitobiose (11.79 maltose (29.21 sucrose (51.60 g) lower amounts cellobiose (0.01 erythrose (0.48 other unidentified sugars. Potassium, Iron Magnesium were highest minerals 12.25 mg, 9.66 mg 7.00 amounts, respectively. vitamin A (2.93 IU/100 C (16.46 mg/100 E (21.50 B B2 having concentration 92.97 mg/kg. acid scores showed had more non-essential (564.17 than essential (67.83 ratio 0.11. Lysine (23.18 was aspartic (492.12 mg/kg) It higher acidic acids, 492.12 g (77.87%), followed by neutral 106.66 (16.88%) least basic 23.18 (3.67%). Based on nutritional assessment analyzed study, can concluded serve an important source exploited meet increasing micronutrient deficiencies many

Язык: Английский

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Short-chain Fatty Acids and Human Health: from Metabolic Pathways to Current Therapeutic Implication

Опубликована: Март 27, 2024

The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of different microorganisms, named the gut microbiota, which key to degrade undigested food such as dietary fibers. fermentation these components leads production short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, propionate, and butyrate, exploit several beneficial roles for host’s health. Their absorption happen in ways human intestine depend on type fiber reaching microorganisms involved fermentation. supplementation SCFAs, mostly treating gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, gut-brain-related diseases has been reported medical literature. This review aims give an overview dynamics butyrate gut, with a final focus role played SCFAs metabolic health present therapeutic implications.

Язык: Английский

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