Exposure to metoprolol and propranolol mixtures on biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular alterations in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Toxicology Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 14, С. 101979 - 101979

Опубликована: Март 4, 2025

Pharmaceutical drugs, particularly beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol, propranolol, etc.), are extensively used to treat human cardiovascular conditions, yet pose significant risks non-target aquatic organisms when introduced into coastal and marine environments via wastewater effluent. This study aimed investigate the effects of short-term exposure (one week) environmentally relevant concentrations metoprolol propranolol (MP) mixtures (low-dose: 50 ng/L 250 high-dose: 650 metoprolol) in American oyster (Crassostrea virginica, a commercially ecologically important bivalve mollusk) under controlled laboratory conditions. Histopathological assessments revealed structural damage gills, connective tissues, digestive glands both low- high-dose MP treatment groups. Additionally, glucose concentration pH extrapallial fluid significantly declined Hemocyte density tissues increased proportionally with dosages. reduced mucous secretion gills glands. Immunohistochemical results showed (P < 0.05) upregulation 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, biomarker nitration) expression oysters exposed mixtures. Alongside, decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE, cholinergic enzyme) tissues. Our findings suggest that induce nitration, leading altered tissue morphology, disrupting homeostasis, downregulating AChE may impair physiological functions oysters.

Язык: Английский

Editorial: Methods in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Challenges and Opportunities

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 111094 - 111094

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский