Synthesis, design and development of energetic materials: Quo Vadis?

Chemical Engineering Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 486, С. 150410 - 150410

Опубликована: Март 14, 2024

Язык: Английский

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N-Acetonitrile functionalized 3-nitrotriazole: Precursor to nitrogen rich stable and insensitive energetic materials

Energetic Materials Frontiers, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 5(1), С. 8 - 16

Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2024

In the field of energetic materials, prime attention has been given to synthesis environmentally compatible materials having an adequate balance between energy and stability. For this purpose, nitrogen-rich heterocyclic rings have contributed as pivotal frameworks. Nitro-functionalized 1,2,4-triazoles profusely used a constituent for synthesizing high-performing (EMs) due their high nitrogen content, good thermal stability, modifiable sites via functionalization. Combination with different scaffold may provide opportunity accessible tailoring. work, in effort investigate potential 3-nitrotriazoles, its N-acetonitrile derivative 2 was synthesized, which further converted various explosophores. N-methylene-C bridged asymmetrically connected tetrazole (3) 1,2,4-oxadiazole (9 10) based EMs synthesized. Further tuning properties salt formation strategy employed compounds 4–7, 11 12. 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compound 9 also confirmed X-ray diffraction analysis, 10 analyzed 15N NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 3, 4, 5, 7 exhibited stabilities were found be insensitive towards impact friction. 6, detonation performance comparable conventional explosive TATB.

Язык: Английский

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Core‐Shell Hetero‐Framework derived Copper Azide Composites as Excellent Laser‐Ignitable Primary Explosives

Advanced Functional Materials, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 32(46)

Опубликована: Сен. 7, 2022

Abstract Laser initiation has attracted increasing interest owing to its extraordinary safety and high reliability. However, traditional metal complex‐based laser‐ignitable primary explosives are limited by input laser energy low detonation ability. In this study, an efficient explosive‐based copper azide is prepared constructing core‐shell hetero‐framework Cu‐MOF@COF as the precursor. The pyrolysis of hybrid material affords (CA) nanoparticle confined in a porous carbon shell, referred CA@C Shell. evenly coated shell functions light‐to‐heat conversion layer efficiently promoting process inside CA. Consequently, Shell can be initiated at lower thresholds (0.80 mJ 1064 nm). This value significantly than typical ignitable complex tetraamine‐cis‐bis(5‐nitro‐2H‐tetrazolato‐N 2 )cobalt(III)perchlorate (726 808 Moreover, successfully detonates secondary CL‐20 when it assembled micro‐detonator system. study offers unique method for performance applications.

Язык: Английский

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Fluorine‐Containing Functional Group‐Based Energetic Materials

The Chemical Record, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 23(9)

Опубликована: Июнь 2, 2023

Abstract Molecules featuring fluorine‐containing functional groups exhibit outstanding properties with high density, low sensitivity, excellent thermal stability, and good energetic performance due to the strong electron‐withdrawing ability density of fluorine. Hence, they play a pivotal role in field materials. In light current theoretical experimental reports, this review systematically focuses on three types materials possessing F‐ NF 2 ‐ substituted trinitromethyl (C(NO ) F, C(NO ), trifluoromethyl group (CF 3 difluoroamino pentafluorosulfone (NF , SF 5 investigates synthetic methods, physicochemical parameters, each. The incorporation moieties is critical for development novel energy materials, rapidly being adopted design

Язык: Английский

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Expanding the Limits of Organic Energetic Materials: High-Performance Alliance of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole and Furazan Scaffolds

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 89(1), С. 174 - 182

Опубликована: Дек. 11, 2023

A majority of known and newly synthesized energetic materials comprise polynitrogen or nitrogen–oxygen heterocycles with various explosophores. However, available structural combinations these organic scaffolds are finite about to reach their limits. Herein, we present the design synthesis a series sulfur-containing polyazole structures comprising 1,3,4-thiadiazole furazan rings linked by C–C bonds enriched nitro azo functionalities. In terms detonation performance, all 1,3,4-thiadiazole-furazan assemblies (D = 7.7–7.9 km s–1; P 26–28 GPa) lie between powerful explosive TATB 8.0 31 melt-cast material TNT 6.9 23 GPa). series, azo-bridged derivative 5 seems be most practically interesting, as it combines relatively high performance 7.9 28 GPa), very thermal stability (271 °C), insensitivity friction. By functional properties, outperforms benchmark heat-resistant hexanitrostilbene (HNS). To best our knowledge, this is first example an alliance rare case high-energy materials, which can certainly considered evolutionary step in science.

Язык: Английский

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Connecting Energetic Nitropyrazole and Nitrobenzene Moieties with C−C Bonds using Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction: A Novel Route to Thermally Stable Energetic Materials

Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(11)

Опубликована: Сен. 27, 2022

Abstract This work describes a new route to thermally stable energetic materials by connecting different types of moieties (nitropyrazole and polynitrobenzene) with C−C bonds, where the first step involves Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction between 4‐bromo‐3,5‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazole 4‐chlorophenylboronic acid. Further nitration, amination, oxidation, salt formation reactions on resulting coupled framework resulted in various materials. All compounds were fully characterized using IR, NMR [ 1 H, 13 C{ H}], differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis, HRMS studies. Compounds 7 9 further 15 N NMR, 3 6 single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction Theoretical heats performance for all calculated Gaussian 09 EXPLO5 v6.06 programs, respectively. research introduces novel method synthesizing that are not accessible any other routes.

Язык: Английский

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Boosting 2000‐Fold Hypergolic Ignition Rate of Carborane by Substitutes Migration in Metal Clusters

Advanced Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11(23)

Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2024

Abstract Hypergolic propellants rely on fuel and oxidizer that spontaneously ignite upon contact, which fulfill a wide variety of mission roles in launch vehicles spacecraft. Energy‐rich carboranes are promising hypergolic fuels, but triggering their energy release is quite difficult because ultrastable aromatic cage structure. To steer the development carborane‐based high‐performance material, carboranylthiolated compounds integrated with atomically precise copper clusters presented, yielding two distinct isomers, Cu 14B‐S 14C‐S , both possessing similar ligands core structures. With migration thiolate groups from carbon atoms to boron atoms, ignition delay (ID) time shortened 6870 3 ms when contacted environmentally benign high‐test peroxide (HTP, H 2 O concentration 90%). The extraordinarily short ID ranking among best HTP‐active materials. experimental theoretical findings reveal benefitting groups, characterized by an electron‐rich metal kernel, displays enhanced reducibility superior charge transfer efficiency. This results exceptional activation rates HTP, consequently inducing carborane combustion simultaneous energy. fundamental investigation shed light advanced green propulsion systems.

Язык: Английский

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Simple and energetic: Novel combination of furoxan and 1,2,4-triazole rings in the synthesis of energetic materials

Energetic Materials Frontiers, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 3(3), С. 146 - 153

Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2022

Two novel representatives of energetic (1,2,4-triazolyl)furoxans were prepared from the readily available (furoxanyl)amidrazones. Synthesized compounds thoroughly characterized with IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis X-ray diffraction data. Analysis structural features supported by quantum-chemical calculations revealed main reasons for experimentally observed difference in thermal stability mechanical sensitivity both compounds. It was found that 3-cyano-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)furoxan is more thermally stable (Td: 229 ​°C) than 4-azido-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)furoxan 154 latter compound also sensitive to impact friction. In addition, heterocyclic assemblies have high detonation parameters (vD: 7.0–8.0 ​km·s−1; p: 22–29 ​GPa) exceeding those benchmark explosives trinitrotoluene hexanitrostilbene which enable their usability various applications.

Язык: Английский

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Constructing Highly Reliable and Adaptive Primary Explosive Composites for Micro‐Initiator Assisting by a Hybrid Template of Metal–Organic Frameworks and Cross‐Linked Polymers

Small, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 19(24)

Опубликована: Март 14, 2023

Primary explosive, as a reliable initiator for secondary explosives, is the central component of micro-initiators modern aerospace systems and military operations. However, they are typically prepared powders, posing potential safety risks because inevitable particles scattering issues in actual working environments. Here, fabrication highly adaptive bulk material copper azide (CA)-based safe primary explosive demonstrated. This material, derived by complete azidation reaction carbonized metal-organic framework/cross-linked polymer hybrid template, enables firm embedding active CA species cross-linked carbon network (denoted CA-C). Interestingly, this CA-C demonstrates multifarious mechanical stabilities (e.g., good shock vibration resistance, anti-overload capacity) simulated conditions. Meanwhile, contents reached high 70.3%, ensuring its detonation power. As proof concept, assembling micro-detonator can efficiently detonate CL-20 under laser irradiation. work hereby advances powerful explosives fulfillment micro-initiator broad range applications systems.

Язык: Английский

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Carbon‐Nitride Popcorn—A Novel Catalyst Prepared by Self‐Propagating Combustion of Nitrogen‐Rich Triazenes

Small, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 19(12)

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2023

The interest in development of non-graphitic polymeric carbon nitrides (PCNs), with various C-to-N ratios, having tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties is rapidly increasing. Here the first self-propagating combustion synthesis methodology for facile preparation novel porous PCN materials (PCN3-PCN7) using new nitrogen-rich triazene-based precursors reported. This found to be highly precursor dependent, where variations terminal functional groups newly designed (compounds 3-7) lead different behaviors, morphologies resulted PCNs. foam-type PCN5, generated from 5 comprehensively characterized shows a ratio 0.67 (C3 N4.45 ). Thermal analyses PCN5 formulations ammonium perchlorate (AP) reveal that has an excellent catalytic activity thermal decomposition AP. further evaluated closer-to-application scenario, showing increase 18% burn rate AP-Al-HTPB (with 2 wt% PCN5) solid composite propellant. developed template- additive-free synthetic specially should provide platform PCNs variety building block chemistries, morphologies, suitable broad range technologies.

Язык: Английский

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