Iron N‐Doped Carbon Nanoarchitectonics for C─H Bond Activation of Methylarenes and Esterification Reactions

Small, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 16, 2025

Abstract Nowadays, selective oxidation of sp 3 C−H bond in methylarene to benzaldehyde under eco‐friendly conditions is a promising way produce aldehyde derivatives. In this work, scalable iron nanoparticles adorned on surface engineered nitrogen‐doped carbon (Fe NP @NC‐BA) fabricated via wet chemistry followed by high‐temperature pyrolysis. It observed that nitrogen‐coordinated Fe play crucial role as active sites facilitating both the toluene and esterification reaction due its nitrogen‐rich NPs contain low C/N ratio @NC‐BA catalyst. The @NC−BA catalyst N‐hydroxyphthalimide cooperatively converted methylarenes corresponding aryl aldehydes with 99% conversion selectivity, without over‐oxidation benzoic acid at room temperature. Further, EPR analysis used probe free radical pathway activation. Additionally, employed for microwave‐assisted acids alcohols leads selectivity. compatibility nanoarchitectonics highly efficient synthesis 24 derivatives 42 ester products. Furthermore, gram‐scale reusability study proved wide applicability Thus, decorated N‐doped catalysts provide durable, easily recoverable, environmentally friendly metal‐based reactions.

Язык: Английский

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Kinetic and mechanistic investigation of Butyl Levulinate synthesis on ZSM-5 supported phosphomolybdic acid

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Март 20, 2025

Levulinic acid (LA), a biomass-derived platform chemical, serves as precursor for butyl levulinate (BL), versatile intermediate with various applications, notably green blending molecule diesel fuel. In this study, phosphomolybdic supported on ZSM-5 catalysts was synthesized and utilized an effective heterogeneous catalyst the esterification of LA 1-butanol to produce BL. The were characterized their structure, elemental composition, surface area using XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, EDS, BET analysis. effect reaction parameters, including amount, loading, calcination temperature, time conversion BL, are systematically discussed. achieved > 95% BL yield maintained high stability even after eight cycles, highlighting its potential efficient production. A kinetic investigation employing pseudo-homogeneous model carried out explore activation energy thermodynamic parameters pertinent Additionally, Nucleophilic substitution reactions, alongside two mechanistic models—Langmuir-Hinshelwood Eley-Rideal—were employed comprehensively elucidate mechanism involved in catalytic processes.

Язык: Английский

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Combustion and Emission Performance from the Use of Acid-Catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis Derived Advanced Biofuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine

SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 1

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed reduce the carbon intensity of transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised mixtures an alkyl levulinate, dialkyl ether, starting alcohol. In this study, model based on products expected from use <i>n</i>-butanol (butyl-based blends) as alcohol, were blended with tested in Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends formulated meet flash point, density, kinematic viscosity limits fuel standards for diesel, 2022 version BS 2869 (off-road). No changes engine set-up made, hence testing blends their potential “drop-in” fuels. Changes performance emissions determined range diesel/biofuel compared pure baseline. The ratio butyl-based components ranged between 65 – 90 vol% <i>n</i>-butyl 5 30 di-<i>n</i>-butyl 10 <i>n</i>-butanol. Formulating match physical property ensured that operation was not significantly influenced by these selected properties. Emissions CO, NO_X, total hydrocarbons (THC), PM_2.5 particle number (PN) size distributions measured. Compared baseline delays longer. brake-specific consumption some at high loads within 5% Most caused less than 3% reduction peak in-cylinder pressure loads, which contributed maintaining efficiency. PN reduced significantly. CO THC specific increased relative all blends, due derived cetane number. This however, resulted premixed combustion favouring reductions particulate emissions. competing effects adiabatic flame temperatures charge cooling effects, NO_X close those diesel. results demonstrated may have be fuels used engines.</div></div>

Язык: Английский

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Studies on the Reactions of Lactone Intermediates Derived from Levulinic Acid: Telescoped Routes to Higher Levulinate Ester Biofuels

ACS Omega, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2025

The development of efficient strategies for the synthesis levulinate esters is significant current interest due to their potential as biofuels and fuel additives. Herein, we report a novel strategy access derived from higher alcohols directly levulinic acid through in situ generation lactone intermediates employing commercial heterogeneous catalysts, such Amberlyst-15. This employs telescoped approach which lactonization/ring-opening reactions are combined into an operationally simple one-pot procedure. advantageous it readily available inexpensive catalyst proceeds short reaction times produce excellent yields with high selectivity. Furthermore, Amberlyst-15 fully recyclable can be reused without loss activity or

Язык: Английский

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Pore structure design and mass transfer optimization of resin catalysts based on lattice Boltzmann method for n-butyl levulinate synthesis

Chemical Engineering Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 121788 - 121788

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Recent developments on ethyl levulinate as a promising bio-based transportation fuel

Biomass and Bioenergy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 200, С. 107964 - 107964

Опубликована: Май 15, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Kinetic modelling: Regression and validation stages, a compulsory tandem for kinetic model assessment

The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 101(12), С. 7078 - 7101

Опубликована: Май 17, 2023

Abstract The development of robust and reliable kinetic models is vital to build safe, eco‐friendly, cost‐competitive chemical processes. Establishing for complex systems such as biomass valorization cumbersome because the modeller must test different fit several experimental observables (or concentrations). Usually, in reaction engineering, model assessment based solely on regression stage outputs. implementation a validation can aid choosing most models, essentially case systems. We studied solvolysis 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) butyl levulinate (BL) constituting consecutive parallel steps. From an existing model, we created 60 synthetic runs batch conditions. In first part, tested four with 5 degrees noise, carried out modelling runs. second two types holdout methods were evaluated. last cross‐validation, namely k‐fold method, was used. found that 10‐fold method allowed more efficient selection results even when noise level high. Besides, allows not scarifying selecting model.

Язык: Английский

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Starch valorization: Direct conversion of starch to hexyl levulinate over SO4/ZrO2-KIT5 composite

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 262, С. 130093 - 130093

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2024

Язык: Английский

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One pot cascade conversion of furfural to alkyl levulinate over Lu(OTf)3 without external H2

Molecular Catalysis, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 547, С. 113315 - 113315

Опубликована: Июнь 16, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Predicting the physical properties of three-component lignocellulose derived advanced biofuel blends using a design of experiments approach

Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 7(21), С. 5283 - 5300

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Predictive models of selected physical properties advanced biofuel blends produced using a design experiments methodology. C4/C5 alcohol-based superior to C2 ones as diesel replacements since they better match property limits.

Язык: Английский

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