The
identification
of
mechanisms
to
store
glucose
carbon
in
the
form
glycogen
rather
than
fat
hepatocytes
has
important
implications
for
prevention
nonalcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD)
and
other
chronic
metabolic
diseases.
In
this
work,
we
show
that
glycogenesis
uses
its
intermediate
metabolite
uridine
diphosphate
(UDPG)
antagonize
lipogenesis,
thus
steering
both
mouse
human
toward
storing
as
glycogen.
underlying
mechanism
involves
transport
UDPG
Golgi
apparatus,
where
it
binds
site-1
protease
(S1P)
inhibits
S1P-mediated
cleavage
sterol
regulatory
element-binding
proteins
(SREBPs),
thereby
inhibiting
lipogenesis
hepatocytes.
Consistent
with
mechanism,
administration
is
effective
at
treating
NAFLD
a
model
organoids.
These
findings
indicate
potential
opportunity
ameliorate
disordered
metabolism
liver.
Circular
RNAs
(CircRNAs)
are
single-stranded,
covalently
closed
RNA
molecules
that
ubiquitous
across
species
ranging
from
viruses
to
mammals.
Important
advances
have
been
made
in
the
biogenesis,
regulation,
localization,
degradation
and
modification
of
circRNAs.
CircRNAs
exert
biological
functions
by
acting
as
transcriptional
regulators,
microRNA
(miR)
sponges
protein
templates.
Moreover,
emerging
evidence
has
revealed
a
group
circRNAs
can
serve
decoys,
scaffolds
recruiters.
However,
existing
research
on
circRNA-protein
interactions
is
quite
limited.
Hence,
this
review,
we
briefly
summarize
recent
progress
metabolism
elaborately
discuss
patterns
interactions,
including
altering
between
proteins,
tethering
or
sequestering
recruiting
proteins
chromatin,
forming
circRNA-protein-mRNA
ternary
complexes
translocating
redistributing
proteins.
Many
discoveries
unique
expression
signatures
play
crucial
roles
variety
diseases,
enabling
them
potentially
act
diagnostic
biomarkers
therapeutic
targets.
This
review
systematically
evaluates
mechanisms
circRNAs,
with
hope
advancing
translational
medicine
involving
Antioxidants,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
10(2), С. 313 - 313
Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2021
Reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
are
a
chemically
defined
group
of
reactive
molecules
derived
from
molecular
oxygen.
ROS
involved
in
plethora
processes
cells
all
domains
life,
ranging
bacteria,
plants
and
animals,
including
humans.
The
importance
for
macrophage-mediated
immunity
is
unquestioned.
Their
functions
comprise
direct
antimicrobial
activity
against
bacteria
parasites
as
well
redox-regulation
immune
signaling
induction
inflammasome
activation.
However,
only
few
studies
have
performed
in-depth
analyses
even
fewer
identified
the
precise
redox-regulated
target
molecules.
In
this
review,
we
will
give
brief
introduction
to
their
sources
macrophages,
summarize
versatile
roles
indirect
defense,
provide
an
overview
commonly
used
probes,
scavengers
inhibitors.
Abstract
Type
2
diabetes
is
a
metabolic,
chronic
disorder
characterized
by
insulin
resistance
and
elevated
blood
glucose
levels.
Although
large
drug
portfolio
exists
to
keep
the
levels
under
control,
these
medications
are
not
without
side
effects.
More
importantly,
once
diagnosed
rarely
reversible.
Dysfunctions
in
kidney,
retina,
cardiovascular
system,
neurons,
liver
represent
common
complications
of
diabetes,
which
again
lack
effective
therapies
that
can
reverse
organ
injury.
Overall,
molecular
mechanisms
how
type
develops
leads
irreparable
damage
remain
elusive.
This
review
particularly
focuses
on
novel
targets
may
play
role
pathogenesis
diabetes.
Further
research
eventually
pave
way
for
treatment—or
even
prevention—of
along
with
its
complications.
Biomolecules,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
12(6), С. 824 - 824
Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2022
Nonalcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD),
recently
renamed
metabolic-associated
(MAFLD),
is
one
of
the
most
common
causes
diseases
worldwide.
NAFLD
growing
in
parallel
with
obesity
epidemic.
No
pharmacological
treatment
available
to
treat
NAFLD,
specifically.
The
reason
might
be
that
a
multi-factorial
an
incomplete
understanding
mechanisms
involved,
absence
accurate
and
inexpensive
imaging
tools,
lack
adequate
non-invasive
biomarkers.
consists
accumulation
excess
lipids
liver,
causing
lipotoxicity
progress
steatohepatitis
(NASH),
fibrosis,
hepatocellular
carcinoma.
for
pathogenesis
current
interventions
management
disease,
role
sirtuins
as
potential
targets
are
discussed
here.
In
addition,
diagnostic
non-coding
RNAs
emerging
biomarkers
summarized.
availability
biomarkers,
diagnosis
tools
crucial
detection
early
signs
progression
NAFLD.
This
will
expedite
clinical
trials
validation
therapeutic
treatments.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
9(1)
Опубликована: Май 15, 2024
Abstract
Mitochondria,
with
their
intricate
networks
of
functions
and
information
processing,
are
pivotal
in
both
health
regulation
disease
progression.
Particularly,
mitochondrial
dysfunctions
identified
many
common
pathologies,
including
cardiovascular
diseases,
neurodegeneration,
metabolic
syndrome,
cancer.
However,
the
multifaceted
nature
elusive
phenotypic
threshold
dysfunction
complicate
our
understanding
contributions
to
diseases.
Nonetheless,
these
complexities
do
not
prevent
mitochondria
from
being
among
most
important
therapeutic
targets.
In
recent
years,
strategies
targeting
have
continuously
emerged
transitioned
clinical
trials.
Advanced
intervention
such
as
using
healthy
replenish
or
replace
damaged
mitochondria,
has
shown
promise
preclinical
trials
various
Mitochondrial
components,
mtDNA,
mitochondria-located
microRNA,
associated
proteins
can
be
potential
agents
augment
function
immunometabolic
diseases
tissue
injuries.
Here,
we
review
current
knowledge
pathophysiology
concrete
examples
We
also
summarize
treat
perspective
dietary
supplements
targeted
therapies,
well
translational
situation
related
pharmacology
agents.
Finally,
this
discusses
innovations
applications
transplantation
an
advanced
promising
treatment.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
8(1)
Опубликована: Март 2, 2023
Abstract
Epigenetics
regulates
gene
expression
and
has
been
confirmed
to
play
a
critical
role
in
variety
of
metabolic
diseases,
such
as
diabetes,
obesity,
non-alcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD),
osteoporosis,
gout,
hyperthyroidism,
hypothyroidism
others.
The
term
‘epigenetics’
was
firstly
proposed
1942
with
the
development
technologies,
exploration
epigenetics
made
great
progresses.
There
are
four
main
epigenetic
mechanisms,
including
DNA
methylation,
histone
modification,
chromatin
remodelling,
noncoding
RNA
(ncRNA),
which
exert
different
effects
on
diseases.
Genetic
non-genetic
factors,
ageing,
diet,
exercise,
interact
jointly
affect
formation
phenotype.
Understanding
could
be
applied
diagnosing
treating
diseases
clinic,
biomarkers,
drugs,
editing.
In
this
review,
we
introduce
brief
history
well
milestone
events
since
proposal
‘epigenetics’.
Moreover,
summarise
research
methods
general
mechanisms
modulation.
Furthermore,
interaction
between
genetic
or
factors.
Finally,
clinical
trials
applications
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
38(1), С. 263 - 289
Опубликована: Май 25, 2022
Covalently
closed,
single-stranded
circular
RNAs
can
be
produced
from
viral
RNA
genomes
as
well
the
processing
of
cellular
housekeeping
noncoding
and
precursor
messenger
RNAs.
Recent
transcriptomic
studies
have
surprisingly
uncovered
that
many
protein-coding
genes
subjected
to
backsplicing,
leading
widespread
expression
a
specific
type
(circRNAs)
in
eukaryotic
cells.
Here,
we
discuss
experimental
strategies
used
discover
characterize
diverse
circRNAs
at
both
genome
individual
gene
scales.
We
further
highlight
current
understanding
how
are
generated
mature
transcripts
function.
Some
act
impact
regulation
by
serving
decoys
or
competitors
for
microRNAs
proteins.
Others
form
extensive
networks
ribonucleoprotein
complexes
encode
functional
peptides
translated
response
certain
stresses.
Overall,
emerged
an
important
class
RNAmolecules
physiological
processes,
including
early
development,
immune
responses,
neurogenesis,
tumorigenesis.
