Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Май 10, 2024
Metabolic
syndrome
(MetS)
and
cognitive
dysfunction
pose
significant
challenges
to
global
health
the
economy.
Systemic
inflammation,
endocrine
disruption,
autoregulatory
impairment
drive
neurodegeneration
microcirculatory
damage
in
MetS.
Due
their
unique
anatomy
function,
astrocytes
sense
integrate
multiple
metabolic
signals,
including
peripheral
hormones
nutrients.
Astrocytes
synapses
engage
a
complex
dialogue
of
energetic
immunological
interactions.
act
as
bridge
between
MetS
dysfunction,
undergoing
diverse
activation
response
dysfunction.
This
article
summarizes
alterations
astrocyte
phenotypic
characteristics
across
pathological
factors
It
also
discusses
clinical
value
critical
pathologic
diagnostic
marker
potential
therapeutic
target
for
MetS-associated
Cells,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(5), С. 410 - 410
Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2024
Mitochondria,
the
energy
suppliers
of
cells,
play
a
central
role
in
variety
cellular
processes
essential
for
survival
or
leading
to
cell
death.
Consequently,
mitochondrial
dysfunction
is
implicated
numerous
general
and
CNS
disorders.
The
clinical
manifestations
include
metabolic
disorders,
immune
system,
tumorigenesis,
neuronal
behavioral
abnormalities.
In
this
review,
we
focus
on
CNS,
which
has
unique
characteristics
therefore
highly
dependent
mitochondria.
First,
review
mitochondria
development,
synaptogenesis,
plasticity,
behavior
as
well
their
adaptation
intricate
connections
between
different
types
brain.
Then,
sparse
knowledge
mechanisms
exogenous
uptake
describe
attempts
determine
half-life
transplantation
long-term
effects
sprouting,
proteome,
behavior.
We
further
discuss
potential
serve
tool
study
causal
link
activity
Next,
transplantation’s
therapeutic
various
Finally,
basic
reverse—translation
challenges
approach
that
currently
hinder
use
transplantation.
Journal of Translational Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
22(1)
Опубликована: Март 4, 2024
Abstract
Mitochondria
are
cytoplasmic
organelles
having
a
fundamental
role
in
the
regulation
of
neural
stem
cell
(NSC)
fate
during
development
and
maintenance.
During
embryonic
adult
neurogenesis,
NSCs
undergo
metabolic
switch
from
glycolytic
to
oxidative
phosphorylation
with
rise
mitochondrial
DNA
(mtDNA)
content,
changes
mitochondria
shape
size,
physiological
augmentation
reactive
oxygen
species
which
together
drive
proliferate
differentiate.
Genetic
epigenetic
modifications
proteins
involved
cellular
differentiation
(Mechanistic
Target
Rapamycin),
proliferation
(Wingless-type),
hypoxia
(Mitogen-activated
protein
kinase)–and
all
connected
by
common
key
regulatory
factor
Hypoxia
Inducible
Factor-1A–are
deemed
be
responsible
for
shift
and,
consequently,
NSC
pathological
conditions.
Both
primary
dysfunction
due
mutations
nuclear
or
mtDNA
secondary
(OXPHOS)
metabolism,
dynamics,
organelle
interplay
pathways
can
contribute
neurodevelopmental
progressive
neurodegenerative
disorders.
This
review
analyses
physiology
pathology
starting
available
vitro
vivo
models
highlights
current
knowledge
concerning
this
process.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(2), С. 148 - 148
Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2024
Traumatic
Brain
Injury
(TBI)
represents
a
significant
health
concern,
necessitating
advanced
therapeutic
interventions.
This
detailed
review
explores
the
critical
roles
of
astrocytes,
key
cellular
constituents
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
in
both
pathophysiology
and
possible
rehabilitation
TBI.
Following
injury,
astrocytes
exhibit
reactive
transformations,
differentiating
into
pro-inflammatory
(A1)
neuroprotective
(A2)
phenotypes.
paper
elucidates
interactions
with
neurons,
their
role
neuroinflammation,
potential
for
exploitation.
Emphasized
strategies
encompass
utilization
endocannabinoid
calcium
signaling
pathways,
hormone-based
treatments
like
17β-estradiol,
biological
therapies
employing
anti-HBGB1
monoclonal
antibodies,
gene
therapy
targeting
Connexin
43,
innovative
technique
astrocyte
transplantation
as
means
to
repair
damaged
neural
tissues.
Journal of Neurochemistry,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
169(3)
Опубликована: Март 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
Synaptic
homeostasis
of
the
principal
neurotransmitters
glutamate
and
GABA
is
tightly
regulated
by
an
intricate
metabolic
coupling
between
neurons
astrocytes
known
as
glutamate/GABA‐glutamine
cycle.
In
this
cycle,
take
up
from
synapse
convert
these
into
glutamine.
Astrocytic
glutamine
subsequently
transferred
to
neurons,
serving
precursor
for
neuronal
synthesis.
The
cycle
integrates
multiple
cellular
processes,
including
neurotransmitter
release,
uptake,
synthesis,
metabolism.
All
processes
are
deeply
interdependent
closely
coupled
energy
Astrocytes
display
highly
active
mitochondrial
oxidative
metabolism
several
unique
features,
glycogen
storage
pyruvate
carboxylation,
which
essential
sustain
continuous
release.
However,
new
roles
oligodendrocytes
microglia
in
recycling
emerging.
Malfunction
can
lead
severe
synaptic
disruptions
may
be
implicated
brain
diseases.
Here,
I
review
central
aspects
recent
advances
highlight
how
functionally
connected
critical
functions
First,
overview
glutamate,
GABA,
transport
provided
relation
recycling.
Then,
reviewed,
with
a
special
emphasis
on
glial
cells.
Finally,
discuss
aberrant
linked
neurodegeneration
disease,
focusing
astrocyte
dysfunction
lipid
emerging
pathological
mechanisms.
Instead
viewing
individual
biochemical
more
holistic
integrative
approach
needed
advance
our
understanding
modulates
function
both
health
disease.
image
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
9
Опубликована: Июль 2, 2021
Astrocytes
are
the
key
component
of
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
serving
as
pivotal
regulators
neuronal
synapse
formation
and
maturation
through
their
ability
to
dynamically
bidirectionally
communicate
with
synapses
throughout
life.
In
past
20
years,
numerous
astrocyte-derived
molecules
promoting
synaptogenesis
have
been
discovered.
However,
our
understanding
cell
biological
basis
underlying
intra-neuron
processes
astrocyte-mediated
is
still
in
its
infancy.
Here,
we
provide
a
comprehensive
overview
various
ways
astrocytes
talk
neurons,
highlight
astrocytes’
heterogeneity
that
allow
them
displays
regional-specific
capabilities
boosting
synaptogenesis.
Finally,
conclude
promises
future
directions
on
how
organoids
generated
from
human
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
(hiPSCs)
effectively
address
signaling
pathways
employ
synaptic
development.
Stem Cells,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
39(10), С. 1289 - 1297
Опубликована: Июнь 5, 2021
Abstract
Mitochondria
are
organelles
with
recognized
key
roles
in
cellular
homeostasis,
including
bioenergetics,
redox,
calcium
signaling,
and
cell
death.
essential
for
neuronal
function,
given
the
high
energy
demands
of
human
brain.
Consequently,
mitochondrial
diseases
affecting
oxidative
phosphorylation
(OXPHOS)
commonly
exhibit
neurological
impairment.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
that
mitochondria
important
not
only
mature
postmitotic
neurons
but
also
regulation
neural
progenitor
cells
(NPCs)
during
process
neurogenesis.
These
recent
findings
put
as
central
regulator
fate
decisions
brain
development.
OXPHOS
mutations
may
disrupt
function
NPCs
thereby
impair
metabolic
programming
required
commitment.
Promoting
could
therefore
represent
a
novel
interventional
approach
against
incurable
diseases.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(13), С. 10762 - 10762
Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2023
Understanding
the
complexities
of
human
brain
and
its
associated
disorders
poses
a
significant
challenge
in
neuroscience.
Traditional
research
methods
have
limitations
replicating
intricacies,
necessitating
development
vitro
models
that
can
simulate
structure
function.
Three-dimensional
models,
including
organoids,
cerebral
bioprinted
functionalized
offer
promising
platforms
for
studying
development,
physiology,
disease.
These
accurately
replicate
key
aspects
anatomy,
gene
expression,
cellular
behavior,
enabling
drug
discovery
toxicology
studies
while
providing
insights
into
human-specific
phenomena
not
easily
studied
animal
models.
The
use
human-induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
has
revolutionized
generation
3D
structures,
with
various
techniques
developed
to
generate
specific
regions.
advancements
facilitate
study
function,
overcoming
previous
due
scarcity
samples.
This
technical
review
provides
an
overview
current
cortex,
their
characterization,
limitations,
explores
state
art
future
directions
field,
focus
on
applications
neurodevelopmental
neurodegenerative
disorders.
Glia,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
71(7), С. 1667 - 1682
Опубликована: Март 22, 2023
Abstract
Astrocytes
are
integral
components
of
brain
circuits,
where
they
sense,
process,
and
respond
to
surrounding
activity,
maintaining
homeostasis
regulating
synaptic
transmission,
the
sum
which
results
in
behavior
modulation.
These
interactions
possible
due
their
complex
morphology,
composed
a
tree‐like
structure
processes
cover
defined
territories
ramifying
mesh‐like
system
fine
leaflets
unresolved
by
conventional
optic
microscopy.
While
recent
reports
devoted
more
attention
dynamic
with
synapses,
our
knowledge
about
“backbone”
physiological
conditions
is
incomplete.
Recent
transcriptomic
studies
described
astrocyte
molecular
diversity,
suggesting
structural
heterogeneity
regions
such
as
hippocampus,
crucial
for
cognitive
emotional
behaviors.
In
this
study,
we
carried
out
analysis
astrocytes
across
hippocampal
subfields
Cornu
Ammonis
area
1
(CA1)
dentate
gyrus
dorsoventral
axis.
We
found
that
display
subfields,
conserved
along
further
appear
contribute
an
exocytosis‐dependent
manner
signaling
loop
maintains
backbone
structure.
findings
reveal
appears
follow
layer‐specific
cues
depend
on
neuro‐glial
environment.
