Abstract
Producing
battery‐grade
Li
2
CO
3
product
from
salt‐lake
brine
is
a
critical
issue
for
meeting
the
growing
demand
of
lithium‐ion
battery
industry.
Traditional
procedures
include
Na
precipitation
and
multi‐stage
crystallization
refining,
resulting
in
significant
lithium
loss
undesired
quality.
Herein,
we
first
proposed
bipolar
membrane
mineralization
technique
directly
producing
lake
that
enriches
alkali
metals
(Na
+
,
K
).
Results
indicate
process
can
successfully
separate
contaminants
present
selectivity
above
900
through
reaction,
while
prevent
electro‐oxidating
Cl
−
to
pollution.
The
obtained
production
purity
99.75%
with
recovery
rate
86%.
Carbon
dioxide
was
captured
form
capacity
595
g
for1
kg
.
technology
provides
sustainable
cost‐effective
path
brine.
Resources,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(2), С. 27 - 27
Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2025
The
rapid
expansion
of
lithium-ion
battery
(LIB)
markets
for
electric
vehicles
and
renewable
energy
storage
has
exponentially
increased
lithium
demand,
driving
research
into
sustainable
extraction
methods.
Traditional
recovery
from
brine
using
evaporation
ponds
is
resource
intensive,
consuming
vast
amounts
water
causing
severe
environmental
issues.
In
response,
Direct
Lithium
Extraction
(DLE)
technologies
have
emerged
as
more
efficient,
eco-friendly
alternatives.
This
review
explores
two
promising
electrochemical
DLE
methods:
Electrodialysis
(ED)
Capacitive
Deionization
(CDI).
ED
employs
ion-exchange
membranes
(IEMs),
such
cation
exchange
membranes,
to
selectively
transport
ions
sources
like
seawater
achieves
high
rates.
IEMs
utilize
chemical
structural
properties
enhance
the
selectivity
Li+
over
competing
Mg2+
Na+.
However,
faces
challenges
consumption,
membrane
fouling,
reduced
efficiency
in
ion-rich
solutions.
CDI
uses
electrostatic
forces
adsorb
onto
electrodes,
offering
low
consumption
adaptability
varying
concentrations.
Advanced
variants,
Membrane
(MCDI)
Flow
(FCDI),
ion
enable
continuous
operation.
MCDI
incorporates
reduce
co-ion
interference
effects,
while
FCDI
utilizes
liquid
electrodes
scalability
operational
flexibility.
Advancements
electrode
materials
remain
crucial
efficiency.
Validating
these
methods
at
pilot
scale
assessing
performance,
scalability,
economic
feasibility
under
real-world
conditions.
Future
should
focus
on
reducing
costs,
developing
durable
selective
creating
integrated
systems
overall
By
addressing
challenges,
can
provide
solutions
management,
minimize
impact,
support
a
low-carbon
future.
Abstract
To
non‐destructively
resolve
and
diagnose
the
degradation
mechanisms
of
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs),
it
is
necessary
to
cross‐scale
decouple
complex
kinetic
processes
through
distribution
relaxation
times
(DRT).
However,
LIBs
with
low
interfacial
impedance
render
DRT
unreliable
without
data
processing
closed‐loop
validation.
This
study
proposes
a
hierarchical
analytical
framework
enhance
timescale
resolution
reduce
uncertainty,
including
reconstruction
multi‐dimensional
analysis.
Interfacial
reconstructed
by
eliminating
simulated
inductive
diffusive
based
on
high‐fidelity
frequency‐domain
model.
Multi‐dimensional
decouples
solid
electrolyte
interphase
(SEI)
charge
transfer
(CT)
reversibility
electrochemical
reactions
state
(SOC)
characterize
electrode
evolution
driven
SOC
temperature
timescales
peak
area.
The
findings
reveal
that
improves
accuracy
identified
time
constants
≈20%.
Cross‐scale
results
SOCs
below
10%
at
25
°C
effectively
distinguish
kinetics
due
high
correlation
between
cathodic
CT
SOC.
Kinetic
metrics
anodic
SEI
or
are
different
control
steps
limiting
low‐temperature
performance
cells.
work
underscores
potential
proposed
for
non‐destructive
diagnostics
evolution.
Sustainability,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(19), С. 8513 - 8513
Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2024
Lithium
(Li),
a
leading
cathode
material
in
rechargeable
Li-ion
batteries,
is
vital
to
modern
energy
storage
technology,
establishing
it
as
one
of
the
most
impactful
and
strategical
elements.
Given
surge
electric
car
market,
crucial
improve
lithium
recovery
from
its
rich
mineral
deposits
using
effective
extraction
technique.
In
recent
years,
both
industry
academia
have
shown
significant
interest
Li
various
Li-bearing
minerals.
Of
these,
only
spodumene
has
established
reliable
industrial
production
salts.
The
current
approaches
for
cracking
naturally
occurring,
stable
α-spodumene
structure
into
more
open
structure—β-spodumene—involve
so-called
decrepitation
process
that
takes
place
at
extreme
temperatures
~1100
°C.
This
conversion
necessary,
β-spodumene
susceptible
chemical
attacks
facilitating
extraction.
last
several
decades,
many
techniques
been
demonstrated
patented
hard-rock
spodumene.
objective
this
review
present
thorough
analysis
findings
enhancement
flowsheets
over
time
can
be
useful
research
endeavors
improvements.
focuses
on
following
techniques:
acid
methods,
alkali
carbonate
roasting/autoclaving
sulfuric
chlorinating
mechanochemical
activation.
Recently,
microwaves
(MWs),
an
source,
employed
transform
β-spodumene.
Considering
energy-efficient
short-duration
aspects,
discusses
interaction
mechanism
MWs
with
solids,
MW-assisted
decrepitation,
efficiencies.
Finally,
merits
and/or
disadvantages,
challenges,
prospects
processes
are
summarized.
Abstract
As
countries
worldwide
race
toward
a
green
transition,
the
demand
for
electric
vehicles
is
surging,
and
with
it
comes
growing
need
batteries.
However,
push
increased
domestic
mining
to
secure
these
materials
raises
significant
concerns
about
environmental
sustainability.
Even
stringent
regulations,
impact
of
can
be
profound,
posing
risks
such
as
biodiversity
loss,
water
pollution,
broader
ecological
damage.
Furthermore,
geopolitical
tensions
could
arise
whose
economic
interests
are
threatened
by
initiatives
may
react
adversely.
Local
communities
might
also
resist
projects
due
over
degradation,
health
risks,
disruptions
their
livelihoods.
Given
critical
importance
metals
in
this
challenge
must
approached
same
urgency
global
coordination
pandemic
response.
Just
world
mobilized
unprecedented
resources
tackle
COVID‐19,
similarly
robust
approach
necessary
ensure
availability
sustainable
future.
This
paper
suggests
potential
pathways
academic,
technological,
societal
advancements
within
framework
circular
economy
lithium,
aiming
supply
essential
resource.
The
lithium
market
has
been
expanding
due
to
the
high
demand
for
lithium-ion
batteries,
which
are
essential
electric
and
hybrid
vehicles
as
well
portable
devices.
This
driven
search
new
ore
deposits
development
of
more
efficient
extraction
processing
technologies.
main
methods
used
from
hard
rock
ores
include
acid
process,
alkaline
chlorination
roasting.
study
investigated
a
process
applied
α-spodumene
extracted
in
Brazil
chloride
(LiCl)
production.
underwent
thermal
treatment
presence
calcium
(CaCl2)
magnesium
(MgCl2),
followed
by
water
leaching
at
90
°C.
thermodynamics
α-Li2O·Al2O3·SiO2
system,
combined
with
chlorides,
was
analyzed
using
HSC
5.1
software.
objective
this
produce
alpha
spodumene
avoid
decrepitation
beta
phase
before
mixing
reagents,
making
faster
less
expensive
compared
traditional
methods.
Pyrometallurgical
tests
were
conducted
muffle
furnace,
varying
molar
ratio
between
chlorides
(MgCl2:CaCl2)
1:0,
0:1,
1:1,
2:1,
1:2
mass
1:4,
1:6,
1:8.
best
result
approximately
95%,
conditions
obtaining
spodumene:chloride
1:6
2:1.
results
provide
better
understanding
roasting
demonstrate
potential
technique
viable
alternative
conventional
