Carbon Balance and Management, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 20(1)
Опубликована: Май 9, 2025
In this paper, three novel grey breakpoint prediction models are proposed based on calculating the development coefficient and action of after fuzzy breakpoints, unifying calculation methods for parameter estimation relevant time-response equations, using particle swarm optimisation algorithm to optimise two-stage background values. Finally, used simulate forecast CO2 emissions in BRICS countries. We can see that by setting time breakpoints intervals, successfully detect abrupt changes system achieve accurate predictions, thus improving accuracy applicability model. The new demonstrate better all cases forecasting. projections show between 2022 2025, Brazil South Africa will decrease each year, while China, Russia India increase but upwards trend shows signs slowing.
Язык: Английский