The
Boil-Off
Gas
(BOG)
phenomenon
in
the
liquefied
natural
gas
(LNG)
supply
chain
is
a
consequence
of
significant
temperature
difference
between
extremely
low
LNG
(-162
ºC)
and
ambient
temperatures
(≥25ºC).
This
issue
poses
substantial
challenge
within
sector.
paper
presents
comprehensive
review
examination
research
undertaken
on
this
spanning
2015
to
2022.
primary
objective
elucidate
progress
innovations
field
benefit
both
readers
researchers.
articles
under
evaluation
are
classified
based
BOG
formation
location
along
chain.
These
locations
include
processing
facilities,
ships,
regasification
terminals.
Among
many
papers
evaluated,
70
have
matched
established
criteria.
Notably,
62%
reviewed
publications
centered
generated
onboard
carriers.
Our
analysis
highlights
that
main
approach
tackle
generation
revolves
around
its
re-liquefaction.
Significantly,
an
increasing
amount
scholarly
literature
significance
dynamic
simulations
due
inherent
constraints
steady-state
effectively
managing
variable
properties
BOG.
Liquefied
natural
gas
(LNG)
is
one
of
the
most
promising
fuels
for
energy
supply
because
it
has
a
favorable
combination
environmental
and
economic
properties
in
connection
with
new
trends
aimed
at
development
ecological
sustainable
consumption
resources,
which
ensure
constant
growth
LNG
consumption.
The
article
presents
an
analytical
review
main
technical
solutions
construction
cryogenic
pipelines
insulating
coating
structures.
ANSYS
Fluent
software
was
used
simulation
flow
pipeline
section
10
m
long
outer
diameter
108
mm
three
types
(polyurethane
(PU)
foam,
aerogel,
vacuum-insulated
pipe
(VIP)).
In
addition,
assessment
made
effect
on
temperature
distribution
along
length
pipeline.
largest
increase
from
113
K
to
113.61
occurs
PU
foam-insulated
pipes;
smallest
observed
VIP.
Further,
as
alternative
steel,
use
ultra-high
molecular
weight
polyethylene
(UHMWPE)
material
considered.
optimal
result
terms
distributions
obtained
while
simulating
foam
by
increasing
thickness
0.05
m.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
67, С. 949 - 958
Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2024
Integrating
hydrogen
(H2)
production
systems
within
natural
gas
(NG)
supply
chains
can
support
smoothening
transition
to
cleaner
energy
resources
by
utilizing
existing
infrastructures.
This
work
investigates
the
dynamic
conversion
of
boil-off
(BOG)
using
steam
methane
reforming
(SMR)
produce
H2
liquified
(LNG)
process.
The
study
extends
beyond
technical
considerations
encompass
a
socio-economic
approach,
exploring
optimal
allocation
different
monetization
techniques
(e.g.,
ammonia
and
methanol)
subject
final
market
price
demand
data.
Dynamic
simulation
showed
an
excellent
ability
address
variations
in
BOG
flow,
change
LNG
temperature
pressure
drop
chain,
highlighting
need
for
adaptive
flowrate
process
setpoints.
productivity
yield
are
dependent
on
flow
rates,
carbon
ration
(S/C)
input
system.
Optimizing
reformer
is
best
practice
enhanced
H2.
Allocating
approximately
74%
produced
CO2-free
production,
remainder
methanol
via
CO2
hydrogenation,
achieves
annual
profitability
$1.36
billion.
However,
when
considering
variable
data
over
ten
years,
model
proposes
flexible
both
routes,
resulting
average
yearly
$6.84
These
findings
underscore
importance
integrating
interactive
approaches
exogenous
endogenous
uncertainties,
providing
robust
strategy
against
risks.
comprehensive
approach
presented
this
contributes
understanding
strategic
planning
chains,
emphasizing
adaptability
economic
viability
landscape
transition.
Data-Centric Engineering,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
6
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Abstract
A
liquefied
natural
gas
(LNG)
facility
often
incorporates
replicate
liquefaction
trains.
The
performance
of
equivalent
units
across
trains,
designed
using
common
numerical
models,
might
be
expected
to
similar.
In
this
article,
we
discuss
statistical
analysis
real
plant
data
validate
assumption.
Analysis
operational
for
end
flash
vessels
from
a
pair
trains
at
an
LNG
indicates
that
one
train
produces
2.8%–6.4%
more
than
the
other.
We
then
develop
models
operation,
facilitating
reduced
flaring
and
hence
reduction
up
45%
in
CO
2
emissions,
noting
emissions
typical
account
~4%–8%
overall
emissions.
recommend
data-driven
considered
generally
improve
facilities
reduce
their
footprint,
particularly
when
replica
are
present.
Energies,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
17(16), С. 4013 - 4013
Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2024
This
study
presents
a
comprehensive
three-dimensional
Computational
Fluid
Dynamics
(CFD)
analysis
of
the
pre-cooling
process
Type
B
LNG
tank
using
various
refrigerants,
including
liquid
nitrogen
(LN),
gas
(NG),
liquefied
natural
(LNG),
boil-off
(BOG),
and
their
combinations.
The
simulation
model
accounts
for
phase
change
(through
mixture
multiphase
model),
convective
heat
transfer,
conjugate
exchange
between
fluid
structure.
results
indicate
that
is
most
efficient
refrigerant,
achieving
highest
cooling
rate
through
both
latent
sensible
heat.
also
demonstrated
relatively
high
rate,
79%
nitrogen.
Gas-only
schemes
relying
solely
on
exhibited
slower
rates,
with
BOG
achieved
79.4%
NG.
Mixed
refrigerants
such
as
NG
+
LN
can
achieve
comparable,
while
slightly
slower,
than
pure
outperforming
gas-only
strategies.
A
further
assessment
transfer
coefficient
suggests
mixed
have
almost
identical
inner
surface
to
scheme,
over
5%
higher
refrigerants.
highlighted
uneven
temperature
distribution
within
due
bulkhead’s
blockage
effect,
which
induce
significant
thermal
stress
potentially
compromise
structural
integrity.
exhibit
gradients
those
but
lower
schemes,
speeds
comparable
if
inlet
velocity
properly
configured.
These
findings
offer
valuable
insights
developing
safer
more
procedures
tanks
similar
cryogenic
storage
tanks.
Polish Maritime Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
31(3), С. 102 - 112
Опубликована: Авг. 21, 2024
Abstract
When
loading
liquefied
natural
gas
(LNG)
onto
a
dual-fuel
LNG
container
ship
fuelled
by
LNG,
there
is
considerable
temperature
difference
between
and
the
fuel
tank
at
room
temperature.
The
current
solution
to
pre-cool
with
through
spray
line
but
cooling
process,
if
not
correctly
handled,
can
result
in
excessive
rates
Boil-Off
Gas
(BOG),
which
expose
increased
stress
pressure.
Therefore,
this
paper
takes
Mark
III
of
specific
type
as
object
realises
real-time
predictive
control
system
writing
UDF
(User
Defined
Function)
simulate
analyse
influence
rate
on
change
effect,
time
cost
under
unidirectional
mode.
Compared
results
experiment,
deviation
numerical
model
simulation
less
than
5%.
Under
same
rate,
scheme
achieve
more
uniform
reduce
total
consumption
25%.
With
increase
time,
usage,
BOG
exhaust
volume
all
decrease;
however,
decreased
range
gradually
decreases
well.
provide
parameters
suggestions
for
optimising
improving
monitoring
system.
Energy Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
10, С. 4503 - 4515
Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2023
In
a
natural
gas
liquefaction
plant,
boil-off
(BOG)
is
generated
in
both
and
loading
processes.
During
the
holding
mode
(no
operation),
fuel
supply,
including
BOG
process,
less
than
demand.
Therefore,
make-up
added
to
system.
recovery
systems
are
designed
absorb
maximum
amount
of
during
liquefied
(LNG)
ships
(loading
mode).
Additional
process
At
this
stage,
supply
higher
To
avoid
flaring,
from
reduced
by
cooling
LNG
main
heat
exchanger
(MHE)
lower
temperature,
which
consequently
reduces
production
more
1%.
This
study
aimed
optimize
liquefaction,
storage,
loading,
processes
increase
production.
study,
plant
producing
8
mtpa
(million
tonnes/
year),
where
was
limited
capacity
system
demand,
modelled
using
UniSim
software.
model,
optimization
increased
46,850
year.
The
volumetric
flow
rate
decreasing
temperature
ship's
cargo
tanks,
pumps'
discharge
pressure,
reducing
pressure
compressors,
rate.
shows
that
can
be
significantly
around
50%
initial
rate,
increases
36,576
total,
potential
90,260
year
or
equivalent
1.4
per
