Revolutionizing the Future of Smart Materials: A Review of 4D Printing, Design, Optimization, and Machine Learning Integration DOI Open Access
Kashif Azher, Aamer Nazir,

Muhammad Umar Farooq

и другие.

Advanced Materials Technologies, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2025

Abstract With technological advancement and development, there is a tremendous increase in demand for different smart materials because of their stimulation from external sources. Moreover, the time‐dependent response provides insight into fabrication these using 4D printing (4DP) techniques. Hence, this study presents comprehensive review 4DP materials. The covers aspects material, design optimization to printing. Herein, have been discussed detail based on physical, biological, chemical stimuli‐responsive subtype's behavior. For designing materials, usage tools such as new software, finite element analysis, machine learning are also discussed. challenging responsive natures complexity mechanisms. detailed present 3D techniques, use 4DP, how future applications can be incorporated with material presented. help learning, directions fabricating 4DP. challenges utilization comprehensively covered.

Язык: Английский

Revolutionizing the Future of Smart Materials: A Review of 4D Printing, Design, Optimization, and Machine Learning Integration DOI Open Access
Kashif Azher, Aamer Nazir,

Muhammad Umar Farooq

и другие.

Advanced Materials Technologies, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2025

Abstract With technological advancement and development, there is a tremendous increase in demand for different smart materials because of their stimulation from external sources. Moreover, the time‐dependent response provides insight into fabrication these using 4D printing (4DP) techniques. Hence, this study presents comprehensive review 4DP materials. The covers aspects material, design optimization to printing. Herein, have been discussed detail based on physical, biological, chemical stimuli‐responsive subtype's behavior. For designing materials, usage tools such as new software, finite element analysis, machine learning are also discussed. challenging responsive natures complexity mechanisms. detailed present 3D techniques, use 4DP, how future applications can be incorporated with material presented. help learning, directions fabricating 4DP. challenges utilization comprehensively covered.

Язык: Английский

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