Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi

Plants People Planet, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 2(5), С. 389 - 408

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2020

Societal Impact Statement There is increasing awareness that plants and fungi, as natural solutions, can play an important role in tackling ongoing global environmental challenges. We illustrate how understanding current projected threats to fungi necessary manage mitigate risks, while building of gaps bias assessment coverage essential adequately prioritize conservation efforts. highlight the state art science point methods future studies needed species extinction. Summary Plant fungal biodiversity underpin life on earth merit careful stewardship increasingly uncertain environment. However, biases documented extinction risks plant impede effective management. Formal risk assessments help avoid extinctions, through engagement, financial, or legal mechanisms, but most lack assessments. Available cover c. 30% (ThreatSearch). Red List overrepresents woody perennials useful plants, underrepresents single‐country endemics. Fungal overrepresent well‐known are too few infer status trends. Proportions assessed vascular considered threatened vary between datasets: 37% (ThreatSearch), 44% (International Union for Conservation Nature Threatened Species). Our predictions, correcting several quantifiable biases, suggest 39% all with other remain unquantified, may affect our estimate. Preliminary trend data show moving toward Quantitative estimates based understate likely loss: they do not fully capture impacts climate change, slow‐acting threats, clustering risk, which could amplify loss evolutionary potential. The importance estimation support existing emerging initiatives grow intensify. This necessitates urgent strategic expansion efforts comprehensive risk.

Язык: Английский

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Extinction Risk Assessment of the Greek Endemic Flora

Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(3), С. 195 - 195

Опубликована: Март 4, 2021

Human-induced biodiversity decline has been on the rise for past 250 years, due to various causes. What is equally troubling, that we are unaware which plants threatened and where they occur. Thus, far from reaching Aichi Biodiversity Target 2, i.e., assessing extinction risk of most species. To end, based an extensive occurrence dataset, performed assessment according IUCN Criteria A B all endemic plant taxa occurring in Greece, one biodiverse countries Europe, a phylogenetically-informed framework identified areas needing conservation prioritization. Several Greek endemics with fourteen need be prioritized, as evolutionary distinct globally endangered. Mt. Gramos important hotspot Greece. However, significant portion hotspots not included any designated protected area, meaning network might at least partially redesigned. In Anthropocene era, climate land-use change projected alter patterns may force many species extinction, our provides baseline future research, ecosystem services maintenance, prove crucial timely, systematic effective aversion extinctions

Язык: Английский

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Plant Endemism Centres and Biodiversity Hotspots in Greece

Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(2), С. 72 - 72

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2021

Biodiversity hotspots (BH) cover a small fraction of the Earth's surface, yet host numerous endemics. Human-induced biodiversity loss has been increasing worldwide, despite attempts to halt extinction crisis. There is thus an urgent need efficiently allocate available conservation funds in optimised prioritization scheme. Identifying BH and endemism centres (EC) therefore valuable tool planning. Even though Greece one most plant species-rich European countries, few studies have dealt with identification or EC none ever incorporated phylogenetic information extended national scale. Consequently, we are unaware extent that Special Areas Conservation (SAC) Natura 2000 network protect Greek diversity. Here, located for first time at scale framework, areas serving as EC, assessed effectiveness SAC safeguarding them. mainly near mountainous areas, supposedly floristically impoverished, such central Aegean islands. A critical re-assessment might be needed minimize risk endemics, by focusing efforts also on fall outside established SAC.

Язык: Английский

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Legally binding and ambitious biodiversity protection under the CBD, the global biodiversity framework, and human rights law

Environmental Sciences Europe, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 35(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 19, 2023

Abstract Beyond climate change, the planet faces several other environmental challenges that are at least as threatening, such loss of biodiversity. In each case, problems driven by similar factors, fossil fuels and intensive livestock farming. This paper presents a legal analysis concerning binding nature Convention on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) overarching objective to halt biodiversity loss, within framework international human rights law. Using established techniques encompassing grammatical, systematic, teleological, historical interpretations, article demonstrates CBD’s is indeed legally justiciable. conclusion directly drawn from interpreting Article 1 CBD. Furthermore, comparable obligation emerges indirectly The imperative curtail also finds grounding in law, albeit necessitating re-evaluation certain aspects freedom, what has been explored context protection. Moreover, underscores various biodiversity-related regulations including those laid out CBD, Aichi Targets, Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, carry partial significance. Nonetheless, it crucial note these regulations, do not modify mandate which was latest when CBD entered into force 1993. Because this violated since then, states could potentially be subject action before or domestic courts for their actions inactions contributing global loss.

Язык: Английский

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A Common Approach to the Conservation of Threatened Island Vascular Plants: First Results in the Mediterranean Basin

Diversity, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 12(4), С. 157 - 157

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2020

The Mediterranean islands represent a center of vascular plant diversity featuring high rate endemic richness. Such richness is highly threatened, however, with many plants facing the risk extinction and in need urgent protection measures. CARE-MEDIFLORA project promoted use ex situ collections to experiment active actions for threatened plants. Based on common criteria, priority list target species was elaborated, germplasm conservation, curation storage seed banks carried out. Accessions were duplicated partners or other institutions. Germination experiments out selected group species. A total 740 accessions from 429 stored banks, 410 germination 283 completed; 63 conservation implemented, adopting different methodological protocols. For each program, specific monitoring protocol implemented collaboration local regional authorities. This represents first attempt develop strategies an opportunity join methods methodologies focused unique natural laboratories such as islands.

Язык: Английский

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Biological invasions in the twenty-first century: a global risk

Biologia, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 78(5), С. 1211 - 1218

Опубликована: Май 2, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(12)

Опубликована: Март 13, 2023

Mountain ecosystems are exposed to multiple anthropogenic pressures that reshaping the distribution of plant populations. Range dynamics mountain plants exhibit large variability with species expanding, shifting, or shrinking their elevational range. Using a dataset more than 1 million records common and red-listed native alien plants, we could reconstruct range 1,479 European Alps over last 30 y. Red-listed were not able track climate warming at leading edge distribution, further experienced strong erosion rear margins, resulting in an overall rapid contraction. Common natives also contracted range, albeit less drastically, through faster upslope shift edge. By contrast, aliens quickly expanded by moving macroclimate change speed, while keeping margins almost still. Most majority warm-adapted, but only showed high competitive abilities thrive under high-resource disturbed environments. Rapid upward shifts probably driven environmental including as well land-use intensification. The pressure populations encounter lowlands might constrain ability expanding into natural areas higher elevations. As mostly co-occurred lowlands, where human highest, conservation should prioritize low-elevation Alps.

Язык: Английский

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Assessing the Vulnerability of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants to Climate and Land-Use Changes in a Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot

Land, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(2), С. 133 - 133

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2024

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) play a critical role in providing ecosystem services through their provision of herbal remedies, food natural skin care products, integration into local economies, maintaining pollinators’ diversity populations functioning. Mountainous regions, such as Chelmos-Vouraikos National Park (CVNP), represent unique reservoirs endemic MAP that require conservation prioritisation. This study aims to provide insights the sustainable management MAPs, contributing efforts protect Mediterranean biodiversity amid dual challenges climate land-use change, using suite macroecological modelling techniques. Following Species Distribution Modelling framework, we investigated vulnerability non-endemic MAPs changes. We examined potential shifts diversity, distribution, hotspots within CVNP. Our results revealed species-specific responses, with taxa facing severe range contractions initially expanding but eventually declining, particularly under change scenarios. Local are projected shift altitudinally, considerable area losses coming decades elevated species turnover predicted throughout CVNP, leading biotic homogenization. Climate changes jointly threaten calling for adaptive strategies, thus highlighting importance proactive measures, awareness raising, establishing plant micro-reserves, assisted translocation, promoting harvesting these offers vital managing global pressures, stressing need integrate ecological socioeconomic factors.

Язык: Английский

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Geographic and Biological Drivers Shape Anthropogenic Extinctions in the Macaronesian Vascular Flora

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 31(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Whether species extinctions have accelerated during the Anthropocene and extent to which certain are more susceptible extinction due their ecological preferences intrinsic biological traits among most pressing questions in conservation biology. Assessing rates is, however, challenging, as best exemplified by phenomenon of ‘ dark ’: loss that disappear before they even formally described. These issues particularly problematic oceanic islands, where exhibit high endemism unique but also vulnerable extinction. Here, we document plant since Linnaeus' Species Plantarum Macaronesia, a biogeographic region comprised five hyperdiverse archipelagos, identify key drivers behind these extinctions. We compiled 168 records covering 126 taxa, identifying 13 global 155 local events. Significantly higher were observed compared expected background rate. uncovered differentiated patterns along altitudinal gradients, highlighting recent coastal hotspot linked socioeconomic changes Macaronesian archipelagos from 1960s onwards. Key factors influencing include island age, elevation, introduced herbivorous mammals, human population size. Trait‐based analyses across floras Azores Canary Islands revealed endemicity, pollination vertebrates, nitrogen‐fixing capacity, woodiness, zoochory consistently tended increase risk. Our findings emphasize critical role geography traits, alongside anthropogenic impacts, shaping dynamics on islands. Enhancing our knowledge life‐history within is crucial for accurately predicting mitigating future risks, underscoring urgent need comprehensive biodiversity assessments ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Moving up and over: redistribution of plants in alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic ecosystems under global change

Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 52(1), С. 651 - 665

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020

Extreme abiotic conditions, geographic isolation, and low levels of disturbance have historically provided alpine, Arctic, Antarctic regions with input relative resistance to the introduction new species. However, climate is warming rapidly, concomitant intense diversified types human influence in these cold environments. Consequently, many plant species, both native nonnative, are now moving or expanding their ranges higher elevations latitudes, creating species interactions assemblages that challenge biodiversity conservation. Based on our synthesis, same nonnative invade multiple environments, more could move up over from adjoining warmer areas. Transportation networks disturbances associated burgeoning development responsible for movements. Prevention monitoring paramount importance, management should be directed toward negatively impact ecosystem function well-being. Management range shifters complicated; most movements will desirable, but some may locally undesirable. Overall, into arctic, areas going increase, need adaptive because past not reflect those future.

Язык: Английский

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