Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses

Journal of Virology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 98(6)

Опубликована: Май 24, 2024

The production of aquatic animals has more than doubled over the last 50 years and is anticipated to continually increase. While fish are recognized as a valuable sustainable source nutrition, particularly in context human population growth climate change, rapid expansion aquaculture coincides with emergence highly pathogenic viruses that often spread globally through aquacultural practices. Here, we provide an overview virome its relevance for disease emergence, focus on insights gained metagenomic sequencing, noting potential areas future study. In particular, describe diversity evolution viruses, which majority have no known associations, demonstrate how emerge populations, most notably at expanding domestic-wild interface. We also show wild powerful tractable model system study virus ecology broadly can be used identify major factors shape vertebrate viromes. Central this process virus-host co-divergence proceeds many millions years, combined ongoing cross-species transmission.

Язык: Английский

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Life in the Bubble: How a Nearby Supernova Left Ephemeral Footprints on the Cosmic-Ray Spectrum and Indelible Imprints on Life

The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 979(1), С. L18 - L18

Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2025

Abstract The Earth sits inside a 300 pc-wide void that was carved by series of supernova explosions went off tens millions years ago, pushing away interstellar gas and creating bubble-like structure. 60 Fe peak deposits found in the deep-sea crust have been interpreted imprints left ejecta occurring about 2–3 5–6 Myr ago. It is likely at originated from Upper Centaurus Lupus association Scorpius (≈140 pc) or Tucana-Horologium (≈70 pc), whereas ≈5–6 attributed to solar system's entrance into bubble. In this Letter, we show source responsible for synthesizing ≈2–3 ago can consistently explain cosmic-ray spectrum large-scale anisotropy between 100 TeV PeV. knee could then potentially be entirely single nearby “PeVatron” source. Matching intensity shape allows us place stringent constraints on energy content as well diffusion coefficient. Making use such constraints, provide robust estimate temporal variation terrestrial ionizing cosmic radiation levels discuss their implications development early life plausibly influencing mutation rate and, such, conceivably assisting evolution complex organisms.

Язык: Английский

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The radiation of New Zealand’s skinks and geckos is associated with distinct viromes

BMC Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2024

Abstract Background New Zealand is home to over 120 native endemic species of skinks and geckos that radiated the last 20–40 million years, likely driven by exploitation diverse habitats formed during Miocene. The recent radiation animal hosts may facilitate cross-species virus transmission, reflecting their close genetic relationships therefore relatively low barriers for viruses emerge in new hosts. Conversely, as adapt niches, even within specific geographic locations, so too could viruses. Consequently, animals have niche-specialised following radiations be expected harbour genetically distinct Through a metatranscriptomic analysis eight Zealand’s skink gecko species, well only introduced lizard rainbow ( Lampropholis delicata ), we aimed reveal diversity these determine whether how has impacted evolution. Results We identified total 15 novel reptilian spanning 11 different viral families, across seven nine sampled. Notably, detected no host-switching among analysed, between those sampled from same location. This compatible with idea host speciation resulted isolated, niche-constrained populations prevented transmission. Using protein structural similarity-based approach, further highly divergent bunya-like potentially family Bunyavirales . Conclusions study broadened our understanding illustrates niche adaptation limit viral-host interactions.

Язык: Английский

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Cichlid fishes are promising underutilized models to investigate helminth-host-microbiome interactions

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16

Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2025

The “Old Friends Hypothesis” suggests insufficient exposure to symbionts hinders immune development, contributing increased immune-related diseases in the Global North. microbiome is often focus; helminths, potentially also offering health benefits, lack attention. Infection and effect of helminths are influenced perhaps determined by micro-organisms. Mechanisms behind parasite-microbiome interactions poorly understood, despite implications on host health. These typically studied for single helminth species laboratory animal models, overlooking diversity. Reviewing research relationships between microbial diversity yielded 27 publications; most focused human or other mammalian hosts, relying natural rather than experimental inoculation. Only about half investigated outcomes. Remaining knowledge gaps warrant considering additional candidate model systems. Given high helminthiasis burden we propose seeking models South, where a considerable proportion aspects helminth-microbiome took place. Low availability genomic resources however, necessitates more integrative helminthological efforts. substantial similarities systems, several fishes health/disease. More effort could be done establish this cichlids, whose representatives African Great Lakes provide well-delineated, closed system relevant view fish-borne zoonoses water-borne parasites. A good baseline exists these cichlids’ genomics, parasitology, microbiology. We suggest exploring Lake cichlids as hosts diversity,

Язык: Английский

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Capsid Structure of the Fish Pathogen Syngnathus Scovelli Chapparvovirus Offers a New Perspective on Parvovirus Structural Biology

Viruses, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(5), С. 679 - 679

Опубликована: Май 6, 2025

Chapparvoviruses (ChPVs) comprise a divergent lineage of the Parvoviridae ssDNA virus family and evolved to infect vertebrate animals independently from Parvovirinae subfamily. Despite being pathogenic widespread in environmental samples metagenomic assemblies, their structural characterization has proven challenging. Here, we report first analysis ChPV, represented by fish pathogen, Syngnathus scovelli chapparvovirus (SsChPV). We show through SsChPV structure that harbors surface morphology, subunit structure, multimer interactions are unique among parvoviruses. The capsid threefold-related depression α-helices is analogous β-annulus pore denso- hamaparvoviruses may play role monomer oligomerization during assembly. As interacting β-strands absent twofold symmetry axis, viral particle lacks typical stability resilience parvovirus capsids. Although all parvoviruses thus far rely on threading large, flexible N-terminal domains for intracellular trafficking, our results ChPVs completely lack any such sequences. This led subsequent degradation fivefold channel, site N-terminus externalization. These findings suggest harbor an infectious pathway significantly deviates rest Parvoviridae.

Язык: Английский

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A new clade of pararetroviruses distantly related to hepadnaviruses and nackednaviruses

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Авг. 4, 2024

Abstract Group VII of the Baltimore classification comprises reverse-transcribing, non-integrated DNA viruses, also known as pararetroviruses. These include hepadnaviruses, a family small enveloped viruses that infect vertebrates, but sister non-enveloped fish nackednaviruses. Here we describe complete sequence new pararetrovirus found in feces an insectivorous bat. This virus encodes core protein and reverse transcriptase no envelope protein. A database search identified viral from permafrost sample its closest relative. The two form cluster occupies basal phylogenetic position relative to hepadnaviruses nackednaviruses, with estimated divergence time 500 million years. findings may lead definition support hypothesis ancestral animal pararetroviruses were non-enveloped.

Язык: Английский

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Host and geography impact virus diversity in New Zealand’s longfin and shortfin eels

Archives of Virology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 169(4)

Опубликована: Март 28, 2024

Abstract The fishing and aquaculture industry is vital for global food security, yet viral diseases can result in mass fish die-off events. Determining the viromes of traditionally understudied species, such as fish, enhances our understanding virosphere factors that influence virome composition disease emergence. Very little known about viruses present New Zealand’s native including shortfin eel ( Anguilla australis ) longfin dieffenbachii ), both which are fished culturally by Māori (the indigenous population Zealand) commercially. Through a total RNA metatranscriptomic analysis eels across three different geographic locations South Island Zealand, we aimed to determine whether had jumped between two species was impacted life stage, location. We identified nine spanning eight families, thereby enhancing virus diversity Zealand host range these families. Viruses family Flaviviridae (genus Hepacivirus were widespread found eels, indicative cross-species transmission or virus-host co-divergence. Notably, specificity location appeared composition, highlighting complex interaction viruses, hosts, their ecosystems. This study broadens aquatic hosts highlights importance gaining baseline knowledge abundance diversity, particularly facing declines.

Язык: Английский

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Discovery and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Hepadnavirus from Asymptomatic Anadromous Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)

Viruses, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(6), С. 824 - 824

Опубликована: Май 22, 2024

The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an anadromous herring that inhabits waters of northeastern North America. This prey species a critical forage for piscivorous birds, mammals, and fishes in estuarine oceanic ecosystems. During discovery project tailored to identify potentially emerging pathogens this species, we obtained the full genome novel hepadnavirus (ApHBV) from clinically normal alewives collected Maurice River, Great Egg Harbor Delaware River New Jersey, USA during 2015–2018. previously undescribed contained circular DNA 3146 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis polymerase protein placed virus clade metahepadnaviruses (family: Hepadnaviridae; genus: Metahepadnavirus). There was no evidence pathology internal organs infected fish virions were not observed liver tissues by electron microscopy. We developed Taqman-based quantitative (qPCR) assay screened 182 individuals between 2015 2018 detected additional qPCR positives (n = 6). An complete it has 99.4% nucleotide identity first virus. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms two genomes, including 7/9 12/8 synonymous vs nonsynonymous mutations across surface proteins, respectively. While there associated with disease are migratory interjurisdictional management concern. Identification microbial agents using de novo sequencing other advanced technologies aspect understanding ecology informed population management.

Язык: Английский

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Limited transmission of microbial species among coral reef fishes from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Research Square (Research Square), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2024

Background Reef fishes account for one-third of all extant marine and exhibit enormous biodiversity within a highly interactive ecosystem. Despite this, relatively little is known about the diversity evolution microbial species (bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes) associated with reef fish, even though this may provide valuable insights into factors that shape communities vertebrate hosts as well extent pattern cross-species transmission. Results Through metatranscriptomic sequencing we characterised bacteria, single-celled eukaryotes from 126 fish inhabiting Lizard Island Orpheus on Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We assessed whether differed between islands are separated by approximately 450 kilometres, to what viruses were able emerge in new hosts. Notably, despite strong ecological interactions environment, presence same families subfamilies bacteria both islands, there was minimal evidence transmission individual microorganisms among species. An exception high prevalence opportunistic bacterial pathogen Photobacterium damselae apparently healthy cardinalfishes indicating these natural reservoirs system. Conclusions These data suggest have microbial-host associations arose prior formation leading host barriers hence infectious disease emergence, species-rich environment.

Язык: Английский

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Viromes of Antarctic fish resemble the diversity found at lower latitudes

Virus Evolution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Abstract Antarctica harbours some of the most isolated and extreme environments on Earth, concealing a largely unexplored unique component global animal virosphere. To understand diversity evolutionary histories viruses in these polar species, we determined viromes gill metatranscriptomes from 11 Antarctic fish species with 248 samples collected Ross Sea region spanning Perciformes, Gadiformes, Scorpaeniformes orders. The continent’s shift southward cooling temperatures >20 million years ago led to reduction biodiversity subsequent radiation marine fauna, such as notothenioid fishes. Despite decreased host richness regions, revealed surprisingly complex virome fish, types numbers per individuals sampled comparable that warmer higher community diversity. We also observed number closely related likely representing instances recent historic host-switching events among Perciformes (all notothenioids) than suggesting rapid speciation within this order generated few genetic barriers cross-species transmission. Additionally, identified novel genomic variation an arenavirus split nucleoprotein sequence containing stable helical structure, indicating potential adaptation viral proteins temperatures. These findings enhance our understanding virus evolution virus-host interactions response environmental shifts, especially less diverse ecosystems are more vulnerable impacts anthropogenic climate changes.

Язык: Английский

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