Elizabethkingia
miricola
(E.
miricola)
is
a
significant
pathogen
that
causes
the
crooked
head
disease
in
black
spotted
frogs.
This
has
plagued
numerous
frog
farms
China
and
resulted
substantial
losses
to
farming
industry.
Nonetheless,
exact
mechanism
frogs
remains
unknown.
In
this
study,
transcriptomic
microbiomic
analyses
were
conducted
analyze
samples
infected
with
E.
reveal
infection
of
pathogen.
Liver
analysis
indicated
livers
had
1469
differentially
expressed
genes
when
compared
an
uninfected
group.
These
DEGs
are
mainly
involved
immunity
metabolism,
including
neutrophil
extracellular
trap
formation,
NOD-like
receptor
signaling
pathway,
leukocyte
transendothelial
migration,
chemokine
Fc
gamma
R-mediated
phagocytosis,
“metabolism”-related
pathways
such
as
pentose
phosphate
carbon
glycerophospholipid
glycerolipid
metabolism.
Similarly,
4737
found
kidney
immunity,
B
cell
C-type
lectin
complement
coagulation
cascade,
Toll-like
pathway.
Ten
immune-associated
screened
liver
DEGs,
respectively.
And
it
was
hypothesized
could
influence
host
immune
response.
Microbiome
results
showed
some
opportunistic
pathogens
Citrobacter,
Shigella,
Providencia
significantly
elevated
(p
<
0.05)
Additionally,
functional
prediction
confirmed
most
microbiota
linked
metabolism-related
KEGG
pathways.
association
gut
microbiome.
The
majority
these
be
abundance
pathogens.
led
downregulation
metabolic-related
genes,
which
inhibition
function
metabolic
disorder,
then
increased
microbiota.
findings
study
offer
preliminary
foundation
for
comprehending
pathogenic
processes
Fish
mucus
layers
are
the
main
surface
of
exchange
between
fish
and
environment,
they
possess
important
biological
ecological
functions.
research
is
increasing
rapidly,
along
with
development
high-throughput
techniques,
which
allow
simultaneous
study
numerous
genes
molecules,
enabling
a
deeper
understanding
composition
its
plays
major
role
against
infections,
has
mostly
focused
on
bioactive
molecules
(e.g.,
antimicrobial
peptides
immune-related
molecules)
associated
microbiota
due
to
their
potential
in
aquaculture
human
medicine.
However,
external
surfaces
also
play
roles
social
relationships
conspecifics
(fish
shoaling,
spawning
synchronisation,
suitable
habitat
finding,
or
alarm
signals)
interspecific
interactions
such
as
prey-predator
relationships,
parasite–host
interactions,
symbiosis.
This
article
reviews
(gills
skin)
mucus,
discussing
importance
protection
pathogens
intra
interactions.
We
discuss
advances
that
“omics”
sciences
bringing
into
studying
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
19(1), С. 245 - 245
Опубликована: Янв. 15, 2018
In
recent
years,
with
the
advent
of
next-generation
sequencing
along
development
various
bioinformatics
tools,
RNA
(RNA-Seq)-based
transcriptome
analysis
has
become
much
more
affordable
in
field
biological
research.
This
technique
even
opened
up
avenues
to
explore
non-model
organisms
for
which
a
reference
genome
is
not
available.
made
fish
health
researchers
march
towards
this
technology
understand
pathogenic
processes
and
immune
reactions
during
event
infection.
Recent
studies
using
have
altered
updated
previous
understanding
many
diseases
fish.
RNA-Seq
been
employed
pathogens
like
bacteria,
virus,
parasites,
oomycetes.
Also,
it
helpful
unraveling
mechanisms
Additionally,
its
way
future
works,
such
as
genetic
linkage
mapping,
quantitative
trait
analysis,
disease-resistant
strain
or
broodstock
selection,
effective
vaccines
therapies.
Until
now,
there
are
no
reviews
that
comprehensively
summarize
use
infection
defense
strategies
hosts.
review
aims
contemporary
findings
regard
infectious
system
achieved
through
technology.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
9
Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2019
Immunostimulants
and
vaccines
are
important
for
controlling
infectious
diseases
in
fish
aquaculture.
In
this
study
we
assess
the
potential
of
flagellin
to
be
used
such
purposes
rainbow
trout
(Oncorhynchus
mykiss).
A
recombinant
from
salmonid
pathogen
Yersinia
ruckeri
(YRF)
has
been
produced
previously
by
us
shown
a
potent
activator
inflammatory
cytokines,
acute
phase
proteins
antimicrobial
peptides
vitro.
Here
show
that
YRF
is
most
three
bacterial
PAMPs
(LPS,
peptidoglycan
flagellin)
tested.
The
host
response
was
next
studied
vivo.
modulated
gene
expression
examined
two
systemic
(spleen
liver)
mucosa-associated
(gills
skin)
tissues.
injection
initiated
transient
with
key
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
(IL-1β,
TNFα,
IL-6,
IL-11
etc.)
chemokines
(CXCL_F4
CXCL-8)
induced
rapidly
(by
6
h)
but
subsiding
quickly
24
multiple
Consequently,
variety
anti-microbial
pathways
were
activated
systemically
heightened
proteins,
complement
genes
tissues,
which
sustained
h
liver
mucosal
Th17
cytokine
IL-17A/F1
also
spleen
liver,
Th2
IL-4/13
liver.
However,
anti-inflammatory
IL-10
Th1
IFNγ
refractory.
secreted
form
TLR5
(TLR5s)
all
tissues
whilst
membrane
refractory,
suggesting
TLR5s
may
function
as
negative
feedback
regulator.
Trout
appeared
an
organ
responding
stimulation,
marked
induction
IL-11,
IL-23P19,
IL-17C1,
SAA
cathelicidin-2.
strong
antibody
response.
These
antibodies
reacted
against
middle
domain
able
decrease
bioactivity.
Intact
necessary
its
bioactivity,
deletion
N-terminal,
C
terminal
or
led
functional
loss.
This
suggests
could
immunostimulant
vaccine
adjuvant
Aquaculture Research,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
49(1), С. 120 - 127
Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2017
The
aim
of
this
study
was
to
illustrate
the
effects
dietary
loquat
leaf
extract
(LLE)
on
expression
some
intestinal
cytokines
as
well
serum
innate
immune
parameters
in
common
carp
(Cyprinus
carpio)
fingerlings.
fish
were
fed
with
experimental
diets
supplemented
0
(control),
0.25%
(0.25LLE),
0.5%
(0.5LLE)
and
1%
(1LLE)
LLE
over
a
7-week
period.
At
end
trial,
lysozyme
(Lys)
activity,
ACH50,
total
Ig
IL1B,
IL8,
TNF-alpha,
LYZ
TGF-β
intestine
evaluated.
results
showed
that
administration
or
significantly
increased
Ig.
However,
case
Lys
activity
significant
elevation
observed
just
LLE.
Also,
supplementation
diet
ACH50
compared
control
group,
regardless
inclusion
levels.
Gene
studies
revealed
upregulation
IL8
varied
dependent
levels
tested
related
gene.
downregulation
treatment.
In
conclusion,
upregulated
genes
improves
responses.
Altogether,
can
be
recommended
immunostimulant
early
stage
culture.
Abstract
Background
Fish
skin
microbiomes
are
rarely
studied
in
inland
water
systems,
spite
of
their
importance
for
fish
health
and
ecology.
This
is
mainly
because
species
distribution
often
covaries
with
other
biotic
abiotic
factors,
complicating
the
study
design.
We
tackled
this
issue
northern
part
Jordan
River
system,
which
a
few
geographically
overlap,
across
steep
gradients
temperature
salinity.
Results
Using
16S
rRNA
metabarcoding,
we
properties
that
shape
bacterial
communities,
interaction
taxonomy.
To
better
characterise
indigenous
community,
excluded
bacteria
were
equally
abundant
samples
samples,
from
our
analysis
samples.
With
mind,
found
alpha
diversity
communities
to
be
stable
sites,
but
higher
benthic
loaches,
compared
fish.
Beta
was
different
among
sites
weakly
covary
dissolved
oxygen,
when
treated
considered.
In
contrast,
conductivity
strong
factors
explaining
beta
untreated
communities.
differences
between
co-occurring
emerged
only
Metagenomics
predictions
highlighted
microbiome
functional
implications
excluding
community
contamination
Finally,
human-induced
eutrophication
promotes
dysbiosis
signatures
relating
health.
Conclusions
Consideration
background
studying
microbiomes,
varying
properties,
exposes
patterns
otherwise
undetected
highlight
among-fish-species
differences.
suggest
sporadic
nutrient
pollution
events,
undetected,
drive
dysbiosis.
finding
line
recent
study,
showing
biofilms
capture
undetectable
by
interspersed
monitoring.
Frontiers in Marine Science,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
8
Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2021
Nowadays,
fish
production
through
aquaculture
and
wild
capture
is
escalating
due
to
the
higher
protein
demand
for
human
consumption.
Thus,
needs
products
be
improved
in
scale
quality
are
becoming
increasingly
important
meet
nutrition
requirements.
The
negative
impacts
caused
by
pathogens
infection
both
hatchery
grow-out
ponds,
have
resulted
low
productivity
economic
losses
farmers.
Therefore,
a
systematic
study
exploring
relevant
omics
datasets
systems
biology
approach
will
enable
scientist
describe
complexity
characteristics
of
interactions
host-pathogen
network,
leading
identifying
new
targets
or
biomarkers
diseases
bacteria,
viruses,
parasites.
use
different
approaches
emerging
technologies
as
powerful
tool
obtaining
knowledge
sustainable
has
been
applied
many
researchers
over
years.
In
this
paper,
several
used
assess
immune
response
were
reviewed.
A
brief
description
provided
applicable
aquacultures,
such
genomics,
transcriptomics,
proteomics,
metabolomics.
Each
contributes
develop
better
treatment
prevention
strategies
overcome
disease
microbial
infections.
genomics
transcriptomics
analysis,
their
parallel
involving
gene
expression
studies
play
role
immune-related
genes
host,
infectious
diseases.
While
proteomics
metabolomics
approaches,
these
provide
information
on
biomarker
discovery
understanding
biosynthetic
pathway
during
pathogen
infection.
Additionally,
examples
integrative
analysis
multi-omics
tools
required
understand
biological
aquatic
animals
especially
fish,
also
provided.
