Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries

Water Research X, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 19, С. 100179 - 100179

Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2023

The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over recent years has made their surveillance complex. analysis raw municipal influent wastewater can allow a broader insight into community consumption patterns NPS. This study examines data from an international program that collected and analysed samples up to 47 sites in 16 countries between 2019 2022. Influent were the New Year period using validated liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methods. Over three years, total 18 NPS found at least one site. Synthetic cathinones most class followed by phenethylamines designer benzodiazepines. Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, plant based (mitragynine) methiopropamine also quantified across years. work demonstrates are used different continents with use some more evident particular regions. For example, mitragynine highest loads United States, while eutylone 3-methylmethcathinone increased considerably Zealand several European countries, respectively. Moreover, 2F-deschloroketamine, analogue ketamine, emerged recently could be sites, including China, where it is considered as drugs concern. Finally, detected specific regions during initial sampling campaigns spread additional third campaign. Hence, provide temporal spatial trends use.

Язык: Английский

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Analytical approach of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products: A worldwide review

Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 205, С. 106689 - 106689

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2024

Although kratom use has been part of life for centuries in Southeast Asia, the availability and United States (US) increased substantially since early 2000s when there was little information on pharmacology, patterns, effects, all critical to guiding regulation policy. Here we provide a synthesis research with several hundred English-language papers published past 5 years drawing from basic research, epidemiological surveillance data, recent clinical research. This review available literature aims an integrated update regarding our current understanding kratom’s benefits, risks, epidemiology, which may inform States-based regulation. Recent indicates are likely million past-year consumers, though estimates vary widely. Even without precise prevalence is no longer niche, millions adults using it myriad reasons. Despite its botanical origins coffee tree family polypharmacy, popularly characterized as opioid presumed opioid-system-based risks addiction or overdose. Neuropharmacology, toxicology, epidemiology studies show that more accurately substance diverse complex pharmacology. Taken together work reviewed here provides foundation future scientific studies, well guide ongoing efforts regulate kratom. also informs much-needed federal oversight, including by Food Drug Administration. We conclude recommendations priorities needed address policy knowledge gaps around this increasingly used product.

Язык: Английский

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Examining the paradoxical effects of kratom: a narrative inquiry

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Май 5, 2023

Introduction: Surveys and case reports have documented kratom use in the United States (US) for over a decade. However, those generally not examined depth role plays lives of who it regularly sustained periods. Until there are controlled studies pharmacology subjective effects alkaloids humans, one best sources insight on kratom-product remains qualitative data with nuanced descriptions from regularly. Method: We conducted semistructured interviews adults products, as part laboratory study self-administration. This component was narrative case-report series (n = 10). Results: Despite some differences among participants, all experienced acute combination that were largely, even simultaneously, analgesic stimulatory. Most participants had decreased their dosages time, planned to quit. Five 10 met DSM-5-based criteria kratom-use disorder (3 mild, 1 moderate, severe, by symptoms counts). When inadvertently taken larger than intended doses, described constellation they called "the wobbles" (a jittery feeling accompanied what seemed be nystagmus); this rare, but could scientific clinical interest possible manifestation serotonin syndrome. tolerance considered safe at low-moderate providing perceived benefits less potential risk adverse compared pharmaceuticals or illicit drugs. Discussion: In-depth interview like these help confirm clarify findings survey clinician-driven reports. They needed inform policy practice regarding may also future experimental designs.

Язык: Английский

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Prevalence and Use Patterns of Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) in a US Nationally Representative Sample

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 9

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

With increasing diversity of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) products containing higher amounts alkaloids including mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, safety becomes a public concern. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence use examine potential benefits adverse effects based on product formulations. A cross-sectional survey utilized non-probabilistic nationally representative sampling with total 11,545 respondents which 1,049 reported current use, indicating 9.1% prevalence. most common used in past 30 days were pills, gummies powder Pain relief (n = 603, 57.5%) was condition for using kratom, followed by relaxation/stress 562, 53.6%) boost energy 520, 49.6%). increased from tea bags improved sleep leaf or extract powders. significant positive correlation found between frequency consuming shots/extract pain (p .009 0.015, respectively. incidence as amount per dose gummies/capsules/tablets/pills. lack standardization consistency results unpredictable effects, emphasizing need research establish reliable guidelines dosage recommendations.

Язык: Английский

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Kratom drinks and consumption trends: insights from Reddit

Journal of Substance Use, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 9

Опубликована: Март 24, 2025

Background In the United States, new kratom drinks, often available at convenience stores and gas stations, have increased in popularity past two years. Previously, consumers had to seek out specifically purchase it. However, these of drinks may not fully understand what is its health effects.

Язык: Английский

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Herbal- and Dietary-Supplement-Induced Liver Injury: A Review of the Recent Literature

Livers, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 4(1), С. 94 - 118

Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2024

Herbal-induced liver injury (HILI) continues to increase in prevalence each year due the ongoing popularity of herbal supplements and complementary alternative medicines. A detailed literature review case reports clinical studies published from March 2021 2023 was performed. We discuss epidemiology diagnosis HILI as well current proposed laws regulations. The ACG guidelines 2022 AASLD practice for management drug herbal-induced are discussed. describe updates previously reported etiologies such ayurveda, ashwagandha, turmeric, kratom, green tea extract, garcinia cambogia. Newly described resulting HILI, tinospora cordifolia, horse chestnut, alkaline water, more, described. newly identified hepatoprotective they have been study animal models human cells. This suggests need research on causes mechanisms ensure its proper diagnosis, prevention, treatment future. goal this is provide novice expert readers with knowledge regarding possible a general overview.

Язык: Английский

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Dynamic Topic Modeling of Kratom Use and Experiences: Insights on 13 years of Reddit Discussions

Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2024

Traditionally used in Southeast Asia for common ailments, kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is increasingly being adopted other regions the self-treatment of pain, mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and dependence or managing withdrawal symptoms linked to stimulants/sedatives substances absence clinical supervision. To gain better insight into experiences motivations underlying use, previous studies have analyzed material shared among users on social media. However, these investigations often employed manual labeling categorizations, which are time-consuming do not allow investigation large samples. The present work utilized a natural language processing approach (BERTopic) extract prominent topics discussion from kratom-related Reddit posts made between 2010 2023 (n = 188,139 posts). Dynamic Topic Modeling was also implemented analyze how discussions about evolved over time. From results, discussed including usage substance use disorder recovery (e.g., suboxone), drug testing, consumption methods, logistic bringing flights, receiving via mail), tapering off kratom, providing support others who process quitting kratom. current study supports need trials well new ecological insights users, while supporting implementation policies regulate its usage.

Язык: Английский

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Screening and confirmation of psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine and ketamine metabolites by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 48(2), С. 111 - 118

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2024

Abstract A safe and productive workplace requires a sober workforce, free from substances that impair judgment concentration. Although drug monitoring programs already exist, the scope loopholes of standard testing panels are well known, allowing other to remain source risk. Therefore, high-throughput urine screening method for psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine, norketamine dehydronorketamine was developed validated in conjunction with blood confirmation method. There analytical challenges overcome psilocin particularly when it comes stability unambiguous identification authentic specimens. Screening methods were according American National Standards Institute/Academy Board (ANSI/ASB) Standard 036, Practices Method Validation Forensic Toxicology. An automated liquid handling system equipped dispersive pipette extraction tips utilized preparing samples, whereas an offline solid-phase used sample preparation. Both chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry achieve limits detection between 1–5 ng/mL 1 Automation allows faster throughput enhanced quality assurance, which improves turnaround time. Compared previous in-house methods, specimen volumes substantially decreased both urine, is advantage volume limited. This technique suited evaluating large numbers specimens those employed safety-sensitive workforce positions. can be by testing, human performance postmortem laboratories seeking robust qualitative analytes have traditionally been challenging routinely analyze.

Язык: Английский

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The neuropharmacology of kratom, a novel psychoactive natural product

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 136, С. 111215 - 111215

Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2024

Язык: Английский

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