Physics of Fluids, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 37(5)
Опубликована: Май 1, 2025
The three-dimensional (3D) natural convection utilizing a nanofluid in narrow-gap horizontal annulus is investigated. influence of Rayleigh number (Ra) and nanoparticle volume fraction (φ) on flow dynamics characteristics heat transfer Ra varies between 8000 10 000, whereas φ the range 0–0.09. findings demonstrate that an increase correlates with rise maximum stream function value, resulting more isothermal deformation. Moreover, increased fractions lead to diminished roll size affected by φ. At = 0, exhibits crescent-shaped primary alongside opposing tadpole-shaped roll; when grows 0.04, small decreases into strip structure, it vanishes completely at 0.08. Instability onset occurs end walls. progressively converges toward center over time, amplifying intensity dimensions, considerable isotherm distortion. Three-dimensional circulation patterns are established, encompassing transverse rolls axial movement roll. As increases, average Nusselt (Nu¯i) first subsequently rises for greater than 0.06. Comprehensive simulations produce generalized correlations Nu¯i related φ, exhibiting divergence under 3.5% from correlation equation.
Язык: Английский