Energies,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
15(17), С. 6352 - 6352
Опубликована: Авг. 31, 2022
Biofuels
are
sustainable
alternatives
to
fossil
fuels
because
of
their
renewable
and
low-cost
raw
materials,
environmentally
friendly
conversion
technologies
low
emissions
upon
combustion.
In
addition,
biofuels
can
also
be
upgraded
enhance
fuel
properties
for
wide
applicability
in
power
infrastructures.
produced
from
a
variety
biomasses
through
thermochemical
biological
processes.
This
article
provides
insights
into
the
fundamental
applied
concepts
methods
such
as
torrefaction,
pyrolysis,
liquefaction,
gasification
transesterification.
It
is
important
understand
physicochemical
attributes
biomass
resources
ascertain
potential
biofuel
production.
Hence,
composition
different
lignocellulosic
feedstocks,
oilseed
crops,
municipal
solid
waste,
food
waste
animal
manure
have
been
discussed.
The
biochar,
bio-oil,
bio-crude
oil,
syngas
biodiesel
described.
concludes
with
an
analysis
strength,
weaknesses,
opportunities
threats
scale-up
applications
commercialization.
Sustainability,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(6), С. 2685 - 2685
Опубликована: Март 18, 2025
This
article
reviews
biochar
production
and
its
potential
applications
across
various
sectors,
including
agriculture,
environmental
remediation,
energy
storage.
It
emphasizes
the
critical
role
of
feedstock
source
process
parameters,
such
as
residence
time,
heating
rate,
temperature,
in
determining
biochar’s
properties.
Although
extensive
research
has
been
conducted
on
physical
chemical
properties
biochar,
there
remains
a
significant
gap
evaluating
practical
applications.
paper
Multi-Criteria
Decision
Analysis
(MCDA)
valuable
tool
for
optimizing
both
application
strategies.
By
exploring
scholarly
articles
patents,
it
offers
insights
into
techniques,
characterization
methods,
importance
optimization
sustainable
efficient
use
real-world
scenarios.
Waste and Biomass Valorization,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
14(2), С. 553 - 582
Опубликована: Сен. 10, 2022
Abstract
Purpose
With
its
substantial
CO
2
eq
emissions,
the
agricultural
sector
is
a
significant
greenhouse
gas
(GHG)
emitter.
Animal
manure
alone
contributes
16%
of
total
emissions.
rapidly
increasing
demand
for
animal-based
protein,
animal
wastes
are
expected
to
rise
if
sustainable
management
practices
not
implemented.
Manures
have
potential
be
treated
generate
valuable
products
(biofertiliser
and
biocrude)
or
feedstock
energy
production.
Thermochemical
conversion
technologies
such
as
pyrolysis,
combustion,
supercritical
gasification
(SCWG),
etc.,
demonstrated
their
in
valorisation.
This
study
provides
broader
overview
these
envisages
future
valorisation
trends.
Methods
The
paper
presents
state-of-the-art
review
Characterisation
manure,
modelling
optimisation
thermochemical
along
with
life
cycle
anaalysis
(LCA)
also
reviewed.
Results
literature
highlighted
that
can
bio-oils,
syngas,
H
,
biofuels,
heat,
biochar
carbon-free
fertiliser.
reported
calorific
value
produced
bio-oil
was
range
26
MJ/kg
32
MJ/kg.
However,
yet
commercialised.
major
challenges
associated
scale-up
derived
feedstocks
relatively
high
moisture
ash
content,
lower
higher
concentration
impurities
(N,
Cl,
S).
LCA
studies
conclude
option
it
economical
modest
environmental
threats.
Significance
Study
briefly
states
current
faced
case
manures
using
technologies.
economic,
societal
advantages
presented
order
promote
scientific
industrial
development
subject
academic
research
community.
Conclusions
promising
nutrient
recovery.
commercialisation
viability
needs
wide-ranging
evaluations
techno-economics,
life-cycle
analysis,
technology
take-up
identification
stakeholders.
There
should
clear-cut
policies
support
It
advocated
amongst
communities
industries,
which
necessitates
marketing
by
governments
secure
clean
planet.
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