Abstract
A
novel
phospho‐based
hydrophobic
deep
eutectic
solvents
(HDESs)
is
proposed
to
selectively
extract
valuable
metals
from
waste
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs).
Under
the
optimized
extraction
conditions,
single‐stage
efficiency
of
HDES
[TOP][Lid]
for
Co
2+
and
Ni
were
98.5%
83.9%,
[TBP][Lid]
96.0%
82.9%,
Li
+
was
enriched
in
extract.
FT‐IR,
1
H
NMR,
ESP
analysis
confirmed
hydrogen
bond
between
HBD
HBA.
The
metal
ion
mechanism
by
HDESs
analyzed
based
on
quantum
chemistry
(QC)
molecular
dynamics
(MD).
at
level
that
electrostatic
coordination
interactions
transition
ions
dominate
(Co
).
interaction
intensity
with
stronger
than
HDESs.
With
the
rapid
growth
of
electric
vehicle
adoption,
demand
for
lithium-ion
batteries
has
surged,
highlighting
importance
understanding
associated
risks,
particularly
in
non-application
stages
such
as
transportation,
storage,
assembly,
and
disposal.
This
review
explores
types
causes
battery
accidents,
categorizing
them
into
leakage,
fire,
explosion,
often
resulting
from
electrical,
thermal,
mechanical
abuses.
It
examines
environmental
impacts
incidents,
including
release
toxic
substances
that
threaten
public
health
ecological
systems.
The
research
also
outlines
need
effective
risk
assessment
methods
compliance
with
safety
standards.
Furthermore,
it
evaluates
current
emergency
response
strategies,
advocating
a
unified
approach
to
managing
these
incidents.
By
delving
complexities
safety,
this
study
aims
contribute
improved
practices
regulatory
frameworks,
ultimately
enhancing
related
accident
responses.
