STEM education needs for human movement sciences professionals DOI Creative Commons
Leonardo Gizzi, Francesco Felici

Frontiers in Neurology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2025

STEM disciplines are fundamental tools for a quantitative and reliable understanding of physical phenomena. Despite that, it often happens that students start their academic journey with scarce information on these topics, sometimes lack the basic concepts even relatively straight-forward like reading graphs, or interpreting data based distribution. Large Language Models and, in general, Artificial Intelligence revolutionizing way humans interact computers promise to democratize analysis also non-tech-saviours (Sv et al., 2024) -prompt writing being key unlock potential (Giray, 2023). As any manipulation activity, however, quality outputs is nothing more than reflection inputs (in this case, not only data, but very requested). Without proper (Science Technology Engineering And Mathematics )and formal education prompting we face risk an invasion largely perfectible will inevitably (and irreparably) "poison well" come. In opinion paper discuss case hypothetical surface electromyography (sEMG) course, as example STEM-based, multi-disciplinary topic could appeal involve teachers from multiple disciplines. The choice sEMG was dictated by our professional discipline, its growing clinical relevance (Campanini 2020) overall diffusion. We believe such Syllabus may provide easily implementable step towards stronger STEM-oriented evidence-based approach several -like, example, Physiotherapy (Scurlock-Evans 2014) Sport Sciences. This Opinion Paper proposes syllabus course does address important issue pedagogical methodology, would require extensive discussion once agreement has been reached topics should be taught. Although unheard neurophysiological can taught minimal STEM-related knowledge (see Lennartz (1999); Mathew al. (2019)), strong latter provides much better phenomena consequence, far deeper usability measurement results. Finally, considered contents current complemented extended reach out other disciplines, quantum-based neuromagnetic sensing (Gizzi 2024).It uncontroversial advancement technique last 10 years coupled increased power analytical specifically designed decipher (Farina Holobar, 2016) -High Density (HDsEMG) -opened window non-invasive investigation central nervous system (CNS) motor strategies healthy, stroke 2011), spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects. Moreover, electromyographic activity routinely used mean control assistive rehabilitation prostheses, exoskeletons visual feedback devices. These developments moved field into area medical imaging provided investigate neural drive muscle (Del Vecchio coordination.These techniques still novel, therefore, time needed until utility widely accepted use widespread. Specialized, interdisciplinary courses across universities environments train teach future generations sport exercise physiologists, physiotherapists clinicians.Almost 30 ago, Carlo J. De Luca (De Luca, 1997) warned "sEMG seductive muse" because seem easy harvest myoelectric signals pair electrodes placed over skin, whilst comprehensive interpretation underlying they represent compound (such as, limited to, signal processing neuromechanics). It seems underestimation complex processes behind among us, while sEMG, simplistic sophisticated approaches, requires multidisciplinary background appears lacking today. matter fact, (Felici Del Vecchio, have already reported fraction (5% total) top 100 university (extracted via Quacquarelli Symonds World Ranking Shanghai Ranking) focused Human Movement, Biomechanics, Science, Exercise Physiology, educate principles studying muscles at direct unit level. Another study (Bertoni although 83% respondents survey modereately research mere 3.2% were using practice. attributed undergraduate preparation (that did improve, majority cases, after graduation). Thus, there critical need open access technologies instruct (long before students) fundamentals. physiological engineering mature monitor output high-density recordings, failing generalize make them fully available generation students. must stressed least professionals left "wild": academic, well structured, challenged so many different non-academic actors experience (more less) talented individuals rather scientific evidence. is, political problem economic implications, relevant present should, kept mind.An literature, textbooks, journals websites, addresses barriers limiting widespread sEMG. There general most barrier (Merletti, 2024;Campanini 2022;Merletti 2023;Felici 2020;Jette, 2017) (Merletti 2021). availability textbooks (Barbero 2012), books 1 , online teaching material 2 efforts International Society Electrophysiology Kinesiology 3 Tutorials (McManus 2021;Avrillon 2024;Valli 2023;Clancy 2023;Del 2020;Merletti Cerone, Muceli, 2019), Consensus Papers (Besomi 2019(Besomi 2020;;McManus 2021;Gallina 2022;Besomi degrees, extremely rare. Therefore, useful propose one. For disclaimer, aware exist (e.g., Imperial College 4 University Stuttgart 5 Free Amsterdam 6 Politechnical Torino 7 -just name few), adoption less ubiquitous be.In section, indicate hypothetical, neuromechanics believe, bridge gap between distribution knowledge.We expect emerging able independently conduct measurements interpret results non-medical level (on hand, sEMG-based diagnostics, clinicians receive some training how data). l. Since act biological actuators commands, mechanical electrical causally associated manifestation corticospinal volley muscle. (i.e., biomechanics principles) physics electrophysiology. coordinated. middle-and high-school curricula countries (12 years) math physics. Many -necessary read understand literature -should therefore when accessing courses. However, necessary refresh few point materials review (Table 1). tested prerequisite admission course; without tests, common alphabet logic instruments established. Items 1-4 Table describe refreshed, previously -for example-freely modules 1, 2, 3, "robertomerletti.it" 8 . More novel sEMG-focused listed items 4-10 above link. All required literature.Table about hereItems heart likely totally new beginner.Item introduces amplitude envelope -of paramount importance, biofeedback, definition activation timing intervals, (with caution) estimation exerted force. Item defines periodic random noise space skin surface) concept Fourier transform spectral content. foundations a) filtering, b) manifestations fatigue c) EEG-EMG EMG-EMG coherence. technical bandwidth signal, sampling, A/D conversion defining performance acquisition system. stands valid all bioelectric (electrocardiography -ECG, electroencephalography -EEG, EMG).Item focuses detection deserves attention. Detection implies electrode "montage" which monopolar, bipolar (or single differential) approximates derivative double differential, Laplacian, grid "image" skin. Electrode size interelectrode distance affect waveshape spectrum introduce spatial filter 2019; https://www.imperial.ac.uk/neuromechanics-rehabilitation-technology/ https://www.imsb.uni-stuttgart.de/teaching/ https://research.vu.nl/en/courses/electromyography-4; https://vu.nl/en/education/phd-courses/ electromyography-1st-year https://en.unito.it/ugov/degreecourse/1332817 https://www.robertomerletti.it/en/emg/material/teaching/ Besomi 2019) location respect innervation zone factor affecting features 2012).Different modalities parameters comparison recordings non trivial, reasons immediately intuitive understood. electrode-skin interfaces impact artifacts line interference input impedance (not just resistance!) front-end amplifier. intervals quite dependent algorithm used. Notch filters remove caution possibly avoided. Muscle fiber conduction velocity affects estimated properly arrays suitable algorithms; parameter determines membrane alterations.The patterns individual (e.g. gait cycle) exhibit great deal intersubject, intermuscular context-dependent variability. obtained combinations (<10) elementary CNS (Ivanenko 2006).Mathematical modeling tool due limitations approximations) solve "inverse problems" estimating given (mostly HDsEMG). With help artificial intelligence (AI), modelling leading creation "digital twins" [Maksymenko2023] greatly practice.The algorithms decomposition constituent action potantial (MUAP) trains created order recruitment de-recruitment MUs. Their application HDsEMG "measurement" one degree "coherence" muscles; Neural Engineering.Despite considerable number papers (>15000), significant numbers others -the articles discussing 2023;Campanini 2022;Merletti, 2024;Felici 2020;Trumbower Wolf, 2019;Jette, 2017), European Community (Projects SENIAM 9 TEACH ) ISEK (sEMG Papers), material, yet subject almost MDs, movement scientists.An explanation anomaly insufficient studies demonstrating validity assessment no protocols application. While partially true, recognized patients planned clinicians. But sufficient prepare proposals 2024). private practice, effectiveness applied treatments certainly rewarding. Furthermore, "difficult" entry freshmen impossible integrate time.The physiotherapy kinesiology professions patient's feedback, rarely measurements.Frequent remarks questions are: equipment expensive, why I measure muscles? PT measurements, am supposed measurements? How my decisions? d) patient sufficient: etc. obvious cultural unprepared coming AI (Rowe 2022(Rowe 2019)).It hoped providing describing indicating mathematics online) difficulties pointed field. www.seniam.org https://teach.ibv.org/

Язык: Английский

Asymmetry in the Onset of Paraspinal Muscles Activity Differs in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis Compared With Those With a Symmetrical Spine DOI
Frédérique Dupuis, P. Ng, Phoebe Duncombe

и другие.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025

Background Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by an asymmetrical formation of the spine and ribcage. Recent work provides evidence (right versus left side) paraspinal muscle size, composition, activation amplitude in adolescents with AIS. Each these factors influences force generation. The timing may also contribute to asymmetry forces applied spine. Questions/purposes main objectives were determine (1) whether erector spinae during a rapid bilateral arm raise task differs between AIS those without (2) magnitude associated curve severity (Cobb angle) or skeletal development level (Risser stage). Finally, (3) we investigated potential kinematic confounders symmetry movements differed AIS, any movement was asymmetry. Methods All patients made aware project through flyers at one outpatient clinic rehabilitation Brisbane, Australia. They invited August 2022 September 2023 if they met selection criteria. This cross-sectional study included females who agreed participate (n = 24, mean ± SD age 14 2 years). all had primary right-thoracic curve, diagnosed orthopaedic specialist. Twenty age- sex-matched controls (age 13 years) did not have recruited from local community. Volunteers (from either group) excluded history spinal surgery, neurological disorders, musculoskeletal disorders (other than AIS). experimental required participants perform flexion response visual cue. Muscle recorded using surface electrodes, placed bilaterally on anterior deltoid adjacent C7, T9 (the apex for AIS), T12, L5 vertebrae. onsets determined 6 10 trials quickest onset each participant. A linear mixed model (with fixed factors) used (left-right difference) groups (AIS, control) vertebral (C7, T9/apex, L5). Where group difference identified, relation Cobb angle Risser stage evaluated cohort model. Task kinematics, including peak angular velocity relative light signal, analyzed side as factors. Results Erector T9/apex (mean 23 ms; p < 0.01). In group, 17 ms earlier right (convex) spine, whereas controls, 8 19 side. explained later muscles (concave) compared 26 There no between-group differences other levels. Within association observed measured stage. velocity. Conclusion task. opposite control cohorts, left-side delayed Clinical Relevance It well established conditions such cerebral palsy that can influence bone children. children there growing amplitude. Our findings add what know identifying well-controlled, Combined previous research, results support further investigation into might progression bony important are modifiable targeted rehabilitation.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
STEM education needs for human movement sciences professionals DOI Creative Commons
Leonardo Gizzi, Francesco Felici

Frontiers in Neurology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2025

STEM disciplines are fundamental tools for a quantitative and reliable understanding of physical phenomena. Despite that, it often happens that students start their academic journey with scarce information on these topics, sometimes lack the basic concepts even relatively straight-forward like reading graphs, or interpreting data based distribution. Large Language Models and, in general, Artificial Intelligence revolutionizing way humans interact computers promise to democratize analysis also non-tech-saviours (Sv et al., 2024) -prompt writing being key unlock potential (Giray, 2023). As any manipulation activity, however, quality outputs is nothing more than reflection inputs (in this case, not only data, but very requested). Without proper (Science Technology Engineering And Mathematics )and formal education prompting we face risk an invasion largely perfectible will inevitably (and irreparably) "poison well" come. In opinion paper discuss case hypothetical surface electromyography (sEMG) course, as example STEM-based, multi-disciplinary topic could appeal involve teachers from multiple disciplines. The choice sEMG was dictated by our professional discipline, its growing clinical relevance (Campanini 2020) overall diffusion. We believe such Syllabus may provide easily implementable step towards stronger STEM-oriented evidence-based approach several -like, example, Physiotherapy (Scurlock-Evans 2014) Sport Sciences. This Opinion Paper proposes syllabus course does address important issue pedagogical methodology, would require extensive discussion once agreement has been reached topics should be taught. Although unheard neurophysiological can taught minimal STEM-related knowledge (see Lennartz (1999); Mathew al. (2019)), strong latter provides much better phenomena consequence, far deeper usability measurement results. Finally, considered contents current complemented extended reach out other disciplines, quantum-based neuromagnetic sensing (Gizzi 2024).It uncontroversial advancement technique last 10 years coupled increased power analytical specifically designed decipher (Farina Holobar, 2016) -High Density (HDsEMG) -opened window non-invasive investigation central nervous system (CNS) motor strategies healthy, stroke 2011), spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects. Moreover, electromyographic activity routinely used mean control assistive rehabilitation prostheses, exoskeletons visual feedback devices. These developments moved field into area medical imaging provided investigate neural drive muscle (Del Vecchio coordination.These techniques still novel, therefore, time needed until utility widely accepted use widespread. Specialized, interdisciplinary courses across universities environments train teach future generations sport exercise physiologists, physiotherapists clinicians.Almost 30 ago, Carlo J. De Luca (De Luca, 1997) warned "sEMG seductive muse" because seem easy harvest myoelectric signals pair electrodes placed over skin, whilst comprehensive interpretation underlying they represent compound (such as, limited to, signal processing neuromechanics). It seems underestimation complex processes behind among us, while sEMG, simplistic sophisticated approaches, requires multidisciplinary background appears lacking today. matter fact, (Felici Del Vecchio, have already reported fraction (5% total) top 100 university (extracted via Quacquarelli Symonds World Ranking Shanghai Ranking) focused Human Movement, Biomechanics, Science, Exercise Physiology, educate principles studying muscles at direct unit level. Another study (Bertoni although 83% respondents survey modereately research mere 3.2% were using practice. attributed undergraduate preparation (that did improve, majority cases, after graduation). Thus, there critical need open access technologies instruct (long before students) fundamentals. physiological engineering mature monitor output high-density recordings, failing generalize make them fully available generation students. must stressed least professionals left "wild": academic, well structured, challenged so many different non-academic actors experience (more less) talented individuals rather scientific evidence. is, political problem economic implications, relevant present should, kept mind.An literature, textbooks, journals websites, addresses barriers limiting widespread sEMG. There general most barrier (Merletti, 2024;Campanini 2022;Merletti 2023;Felici 2020;Jette, 2017) (Merletti 2021). availability textbooks (Barbero 2012), books 1 , online teaching material 2 efforts International Society Electrophysiology Kinesiology 3 Tutorials (McManus 2021;Avrillon 2024;Valli 2023;Clancy 2023;Del 2020;Merletti Cerone, Muceli, 2019), Consensus Papers (Besomi 2019(Besomi 2020;;McManus 2021;Gallina 2022;Besomi degrees, extremely rare. Therefore, useful propose one. For disclaimer, aware exist (e.g., Imperial College 4 University Stuttgart 5 Free Amsterdam 6 Politechnical Torino 7 -just name few), adoption less ubiquitous be.In section, indicate hypothetical, neuromechanics believe, bridge gap between distribution knowledge.We expect emerging able independently conduct measurements interpret results non-medical level (on hand, sEMG-based diagnostics, clinicians receive some training how data). l. Since act biological actuators commands, mechanical electrical causally associated manifestation corticospinal volley muscle. (i.e., biomechanics principles) physics electrophysiology. coordinated. middle-and high-school curricula countries (12 years) math physics. Many -necessary read understand literature -should therefore when accessing courses. However, necessary refresh few point materials review (Table 1). tested prerequisite admission course; without tests, common alphabet logic instruments established. Items 1-4 Table describe refreshed, previously -for example-freely modules 1, 2, 3, "robertomerletti.it" 8 . More novel sEMG-focused listed items 4-10 above link. All required literature.Table about hereItems heart likely totally new beginner.Item introduces amplitude envelope -of paramount importance, biofeedback, definition activation timing intervals, (with caution) estimation exerted force. Item defines periodic random noise space skin surface) concept Fourier transform spectral content. foundations a) filtering, b) manifestations fatigue c) EEG-EMG EMG-EMG coherence. technical bandwidth signal, sampling, A/D conversion defining performance acquisition system. stands valid all bioelectric (electrocardiography -ECG, electroencephalography -EEG, EMG).Item focuses detection deserves attention. Detection implies electrode "montage" which monopolar, bipolar (or single differential) approximates derivative double differential, Laplacian, grid "image" skin. Electrode size interelectrode distance affect waveshape spectrum introduce spatial filter 2019; https://www.imperial.ac.uk/neuromechanics-rehabilitation-technology/ https://www.imsb.uni-stuttgart.de/teaching/ https://research.vu.nl/en/courses/electromyography-4; https://vu.nl/en/education/phd-courses/ electromyography-1st-year https://en.unito.it/ugov/degreecourse/1332817 https://www.robertomerletti.it/en/emg/material/teaching/ Besomi 2019) location respect innervation zone factor affecting features 2012).Different modalities parameters comparison recordings non trivial, reasons immediately intuitive understood. electrode-skin interfaces impact artifacts line interference input impedance (not just resistance!) front-end amplifier. intervals quite dependent algorithm used. Notch filters remove caution possibly avoided. Muscle fiber conduction velocity affects estimated properly arrays suitable algorithms; parameter determines membrane alterations.The patterns individual (e.g. gait cycle) exhibit great deal intersubject, intermuscular context-dependent variability. obtained combinations (<10) elementary CNS (Ivanenko 2006).Mathematical modeling tool due limitations approximations) solve "inverse problems" estimating given (mostly HDsEMG). With help artificial intelligence (AI), modelling leading creation "digital twins" [Maksymenko2023] greatly practice.The algorithms decomposition constituent action potantial (MUAP) trains created order recruitment de-recruitment MUs. Their application HDsEMG "measurement" one degree "coherence" muscles; Neural Engineering.Despite considerable number papers (>15000), significant numbers others -the articles discussing 2023;Campanini 2022;Merletti, 2024;Felici 2020;Trumbower Wolf, 2019;Jette, 2017), European Community (Projects SENIAM 9 TEACH ) ISEK (sEMG Papers), material, yet subject almost MDs, movement scientists.An explanation anomaly insufficient studies demonstrating validity assessment no protocols application. While partially true, recognized patients planned clinicians. But sufficient prepare proposals 2024). private practice, effectiveness applied treatments certainly rewarding. Furthermore, "difficult" entry freshmen impossible integrate time.The physiotherapy kinesiology professions patient's feedback, rarely measurements.Frequent remarks questions are: equipment expensive, why I measure muscles? PT measurements, am supposed measurements? How my decisions? d) patient sufficient: etc. obvious cultural unprepared coming AI (Rowe 2022(Rowe 2019)).It hoped providing describing indicating mathematics online) difficulties pointed field. www.seniam.org https://teach.ibv.org/

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0